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Table 1 Characteristics of the PATH Wave 4 Adult Sample (N = 16,173) and Bivariate Associationa Between Moderate to Severe Internalizing Problems and Study Variables

From: Passive exposure to e-cigarette emissions is associated with worsened mental health

Characteristic

Total Sample

GAIN-SS < 2

GAIN-SS ≥ 2

N (weighted %)

N (weighted %)

N (weighted %)

Age

 18–34 years

8626 (37.4%)

4462 (56.6%)

4164 (43.4%)

 34–54 years

4675 (39.7%)

2777 (68.5%)

1898 (31.5%)

 ≥55 years

2872 (22.9%)

1951 (73.5%)

921 (26.5%)

Sex

 Male

7666 (50.1%)

4857 (70.4%)

2809 (29.6%)

 Female

8507 (49.9%)

4333 (60.0%)

4174 (40.0%)

Race/Ethnicity

 Non-Hispanic White

9583 (62.4%)

5272 (63.3%)

4311 (36.7%)

 Non-Hispanic Black

2270 (12.4%)

1426 (67.8%)

844 (32.2%)

 Hispanic

3041 (16.2%)

1792 (67.4%)

1249 (32.6%)

 Non-Hispanic Other

1279 (9.0%)

700 (70.6%)

579 (29.4%)

Annual Income Level

 <$49,999

9615 (50.4%)

5081 (58.7%)

4534 (41.3%)

 $50,000 - 99,999

3422 (25.1%)

2112 (71.0%)

1310 (29.0%)

 ≥$100,000

2208 (18.6%)

1427 (72.4%)

781 (27.6%)

 Missing Values

928 (5.9%)

570 (73.0%)

358 (27.0%)

Body Mass Index

 Underweight (< 18.5)

754 (4.4%)

395 (62.3%)

359 (37.7%)

 Normal weight (18.5–24.9)

5769 (32.1%)

3236 (64.6%)

2533 (35.4%)

 Overweight (25.0–29.9)

4789 (31.9%)

2912 (68.1%)

1877 (31.9%)

 Obese (30+)

4861 (31.6%)

2647 (63.2%)

2214 (36.8%)

Chronic Diseases b

 Yes

1721 (11.9%)

850 (57.5%)

871 (42.5%)

 No

10684 (71.6%)

6279 (67.0%)

4450 (33.0%)

 Missing Values

3768 (16.5%)

2061 (62.7%)

1707 (37.3%)

Tobacco Use/Exposure Group

Consumption Groups

 Exclusive Noncombustible Tobacco User (with no smoking history)

332 (1.8%)

228 (72.7%)

104 (27.3%)

 Exclusive Noncombustible Tobacco User (with smoking history)

323 (1.8%)

225 (72.3%)

98 (27.7%)

 Exclusive Cigarette Users

7005 (33.2%)

3798 (57.1%)

3207 (42.9%)

 Exclusive E-cigarette Users (with no smoking history)

487 (1.5%)

214 (43.7%)

273 (56.3%)

 Exclusive E-cigarette Users (with smoking history)

465 (2.3%)

267 (59.7%)

198 (40.3%)

 Dual Users

1327 (5.5%)

568 (45.7%)

759 (54.3%)

Exposure Groups

 Secondhand Smoke Exposed Non-users

2673 (20.4%)

1508 (66.0%)

1165 (34.0%)

 Secondhand E-cigarette Aerosol Exposed Non-users

337 (2.4%)

205 (68.9%)

132 (31.1%)

Reference Group

 Unexposed Non-users

3224 (31.1%)

2177 (77.0%)

1047 (23.0%)

Internalizing Problems: GAIN-SS Score at Various Cut-points

 ≥2

6983 (34.8%)

 ≥3

5153 (24.9%)

 4

3343 (15.4%)

  1. a Bivariate analyses involved Person’s Chi-squared test for unweighted data and Rao-Scott Chi-squared test for weighted data. Results indicated that moderate to severe internalizing GAIN-SS scores were associated with each category of tobacco use and exposure status, age, race/ethnicity, sex, annual family income, BMI, and chronic disease conditions in the past 12 months
  2. b Self-reported diagnosis of the following chronic conditions in the past 12 months: heart disease, diabetes, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and stroke. A subgroup of participants reported lifetime chronic conditions instead of diagnosis in the past 12 months. They were characterized as the “Missing Values” group so as to be kept in analysis