Association between time of residence and self-perception of distress, interpersonal relationships, and social role in Venezuelan immigrants in Lima, Peru 2018–19: mixed-methods study

Table 3 Bivariate analysis of the dichotomized total OQ-45.2 score in the surveyed Venezuelan immigrants in commercial zones of Lima, Peru (N = 143)

Variables	Clinically Significant		Not Clinically Significant		p-value*
Variables	(n = 6)		(n = 137)
Gender
Masculine	6	(7.2%)	77	(92.8%)	p = 0.040
Feminine	0	(0.0%)	60	(100.0%)	p = 0.040
Age (median, IQR)	24	(21 – 27)	26	(22 – 33)	p = 0.270†
Age group^a
18–19	1	(12.5%)	7	(87.5%)	p = 0.427
20–24	2	(4.2%)	46	(95.8%)
25–59	3	(3.5%)	84	(96.5%)
Civil status^b
Without partner	6	(5.6%)	101	(94.4%)	p = 0.337
With partner	0	(0.0%)	36	(100.0%)	p = 0.337
Education level
Primary	0	(0.0%)	3	(100.0%)	p = 0.280
Secondary	4	(8.3%)	44	(91.7%)
Higher education^c	2	(2.2%)	90	(97.8%)
Race^d
White	0	(0.0%)	51	(100.0%)	p = 0.235
Colored	6	(7.4%)	75	(92.6%)
Black	0	(0.0%)	7	(100.0%)
Indigenous	0	(0.0%)	1	(100.0%)
Other	0	(0.0%)	3	(100.0%)
Monthly income (soles)^e
< 930	2	(5.0%)	38	(95.0%)	p = 0.672
≥ 930	4	(3.9%)	99	(96.1%)
Months in Peru (median, IQR)	6	(3 – 9)	7	(4 – 10)	p = 0.701†
Migratory quality^f
Without work permit	0	(0.0%)	8	(100.0%)	p = 1.000
With work permit	6	(4.4%)	129	(95.6%)
First entry point into Peru
Lima/Callao	0	(0.0%)	14	(100.0%)	p = 1.000
Piura	0	(0.0%)	12	(100.0%)
Tumbes	6	(5.2%)	109	(94.8%)
Home region
Andean	0	(0.0%)	12	(100.0%)	p = 0.542
Capital	2	(5.6%)	34	(94.4%)	p = 0.542
Central	1	(3.2%)	30	(96.8%)
Guayana	1	(14.3%)	6	(85.7%)
Insular	0	(0.0%)	4	(100.0%)
Llanos	0	(0.0%)	3	(100.0%)
Eastern	2	(12.5%)	14	(87.5%)
Central-Western	0	(0.0%)	20	(100.0%)
Zulia	0	(0.0%)	10	(100.0%)
Travel method
Foot	0	(0.0%)	1	(100.0%)	p = 0.319
Bus	5	(4.1%)	118	(95.9%)
Air	0	(33.3%)	14	(100.0%)
Mixed^h	1	(20.0%)	4	(80.0%)

*p < 0.050 using Fisher exact test except those marked with † or †† where Mann-Whitney U test or chi-squared test were used, respectively
^aAge groups are according to the World Health Organization, 2017
^bWith partner includes married (13.3%) and cohabitant (11.9%); without partner includes single (74.1%), and widowed (0.7%)
^cHigher education includes university, institute, technical career, without importance to whether it was finalized
^dBased on designations in the 2011 Venezuelan Census. Other refers to any other self-reported race that is not explicitly mentioned
^eThe minimum wage in Peru is 930 soles (April 1, 2018)
^fWithout work permit incudes refugee claimant (2.1%) and tourist (3.5%); with work permit includes Temporary Permit of Permanence (85.3%), resident (2.1%), family of resident (0.7%), refugee (2.8%), and immigrant (3.5%)
^gPolitical-administrative regions are according to the Government of Venezuela (June 7, 1969)
^hAny combination of more than one travel method

ISSN: 1471-2458