Table 1 Association between HL presence and each outcome based on multivariable logistic regression models

HL presence and sex

n/a

n/a

Boys, HL absent

Reference

Boys, HL present vs absent

1.02 (0.71–1.46)

Girls vs boys, HL absent

0.89 (0.73–1.09)

HL presence in girls vs HL presence in boys

1.81 (1.10–2.99)

Any HL, present

1.32 (1.09–1.60)

n/a

1.41 (1.12–1.78)

Sex, girls

2.88 (2.56–3.24)

n/a

3.31 (2.85–3.85)

Ethnic background, non-white

0.76 (0.64–0.91)

0.65 (0.50–0.85)

0.65 (0.51–0.83)

NICU admission

1.29 (1.08–1.55)

1.01 (0.78–1.32)

0.99 (0.78–1.26)

Parental education

p = 0.33

p = 0.43

p = 0.24

NVQ1

Reference

Reference

Reference

NVQ2

1.26 (0.98–1.62)

1.26 (0.86–1.83)

1.04 (0.77–1.41)

NVQ3

1.18 (0.89–1.55)

1.24 (0.82–1.86)

0.85 (0.61–1.18)

NVQ4

1.08 (0.83–1.39)

1.37 (0.94–2.00)

0.87 (0.65–1.18)

NVQ5 (highest)

1.11 (0.84–1.45)

1.08 (0.73–1.60)

0.79 (0.57–1.09)

Other

1.17 (0.88–1.55)

1.15 (0.79–1.68)

0.89 (0.61–1.29)

LLI at one or more sweeps

1.54 (1.30–1.82)

1.50 (1.21–1.87)

1.57 (1.28–1.92)

Maternal age, per year increase

0.99 (0.98–1.00)

0.98 (0.97–1.00)

0.99 (0.98–1.00)

Baseline odds

0.23 (0.16–0.34)

0.15 (0.09–0.26)

0.11 (0.07–0.18)