Table 5 Regression analyses to determine factors associated with unhealthy snack consumption^ain adolescents in Mumbai

Socio-demographic characteristics

 Sex- Boys (Ref: Girls)

1.75

0.69 - 0.79

0.032^*

   1.13

0.93 - 1.22

0.381

 Education of father ( Ref: < High school certificate)

1.05

0.98 - 1.12

0.132

   1.83

1.78 - 2.02

0.221

 Education of mother (Ref: < High school certificate)

1.09

0.91 - 1.27

0.191

   0.78

0.66 - 0.82

<0.001^**

 Monthly family income (Ref: < 30000 INR)

1.03

0.92 - 1.10

0.619

   2.15

1.98 - 2.32

<0.001^**

Eating Habits

 Breakfast before going to school (Ref: <3 d/ week)

0.99

0.95 - 1.06

0.672

   0.77

0.71 - 0.83

<0.001^**

 Carry Snacks (Tiffin) to School (Ref: <3 d/ week)

0.83

0.81 - 0.86

0.028^*

   1.06

0.98 - 1.14

0.563

School Food Environment

 Availability of fruits (Ref: <3 d/ week)

1.01

0.88 - 1.12

0.421

   1.01

0.98 - 1.10

0.066

 Availability of healthy snacks (Ref: <3 d/ week)

1.02

0.99 - 1.06

0.203

   0.99

0.82 - 1.26

0.083

 Availability of unhealthy snacks (Ref: <3 d/ week)

2.60

1.44 - 3.79

<0.001^**

   0.99

0.93 - 1.08

0.328

 Reasons for purchasing snacks – Taste (Ref: No)

0.99

0.95 - 1.04

0.198

   2.87

2.36 - 3.03

< 0.001^**

 Reasons for purchasing snacks – Price (Ref: No)

1.06

1.01 - 1.10

0.319

   1.65

1.44 - 1.83

< 0.001^**

Home Food Environment

 Availability of fruits at home (Ref: <3 d/ week)

      0.99

0.98 - 1.07

0.921

  0.57

0.49 - 0.69

< 0.001^**

 Availability of unhealthy snacks at home (Ref: <3 d/ week)

      1.23

0.98 - 1.41

0.332

  2.98

1.36 - 3.46

< 0.001^**

 Visibility of fruits in easy to reach places (Ref: <3 d/ week)

      1.08

0.95 - 1.16

0.712

0.88

0.72 - 1.01

0.089

 Visibility of unhealthy snacks in easy to reach places (Ref: <3 d/ week)

      1.07

0.96 - 1.18

0.441

1.17

0.98 - 1.28

0.331

 At least a meal at the dining table (Ref: <3 d/ week)

      0.89

0.76 - 0.95

0.023^*

1.06

1.01 - 1.12

0.448

 Evening meals together (Ref: <3 d/ week)

      1.02

0.94 - 1.13

0.782

0.71

0.63 - 0.81

0.031^*

 Eating out in restaurants (Ref: <3 d/ week)

      0.99

0.95 - 1.04

0.112

0.94

0.83 - 1.28

0.237

Perceived parental control at mealtimes (Ref: strongly disagree, neutral, and disagree)

 Pressure to eat veggies during meals

     1.03

0.99 - 1.06

0.313

1.12

1.04 - 1.20

0.444

 Parents choose time to have snacks

     1.14

0.98 - 1.28

0.271

1.01

0.97 - 1.15

0.521

 Allowed to eat fast foods only on weekends

     1.01

0.93 -1.04

0.289

0.67

0.62 - 0.72

< 0.001^**

Adolescents’ Perceptions (Ref: strongly disagree, neither agree nor disagree and disagree)

 Perceived susceptibility (Unhealthy eating habits can increase risk of health problems)

     1.01

0.92 - 1.12

0.662

      1.01

0.94 - 1.18

0.911

 Perceived benefits (Fruits can fight infections)

    0.99

0.98 - 1.08

0.344

1.16

0.97- 1.22

0.652

 Perceived benefits (Vegetables are good for…)

    0.91

0.88 - 1.12

0.218

0.99

0.89 - 1.19

0.0871

 Perceived barriers (Fruits are not available at school)

    1.98

1.67- 2.31

0.003^*

2.03

1.96 - 2.12

< 0.001^**

 Perceived barriers (Homecooked foods are the same….)

   1.11

0.97 - 1.22

0.066

3.11

2.34 - 4.65

< 0.001^**

 Perceived barriers (Healthy foods are expensive)

   4.97

2.98 - 5.19

<0.001^**

1.78

1.32 - 2.22

< 0.001^**

 Readiness to change (I try to eat fruits every day)

   0.79

0.62 - 0.92

0.009^*

1.11

0.99 - 1.24

0.512

 Self–efficacy (I can prepare a snack or have fruit….)

   0.99

0.93 - 1.08

0.123

0.88

0.76 - 0.99

0.043^*