Table 2 Descriptive statistics for demographic and neighborhood conditions of children in our sample, stratified by high/low poverty status
High poverty neighborhoods (n = 354 children) | Low poverty neighborhoods (n = 364 children) | Total (n = 720 children) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||
Ageb, mean (sd) | 8.2 (1.6) | 8.2 (1.4) | 8.20 (1.49) |
Ethnicity, % | |||
White | 61.0 | 86.3 | 73.9 |
African American | 28.8 | 5.5 | 16.9 |
Asian | 1.1 | 1.6 | 1.4 |
Other | 9.1 | 6.5 | 7.8 |
Female, % | 48.9 | 52.5 | 50.8 |
Built conditions | |||
Non-profits, mean (sd) | 35.8 (30.3) | 25.8 (21.4) | 30.7 (26.6) |
Churches, mean (sd) | 5.4 (3.9) | 4.3 (4.2) | 4.9 (4.1) |
Alcohol outlets, mean (sd) | 282.2 (147.7) | 192.4 (130.9) | 236.1 (146.6) |
Percent area - greenspace, mean (sd) | 4.2 (3.9) | 4.7 (4.7) | 4.4 (4.3) |
Percent area - agricultural land use, mean (sd) | 4.1 (11.5) | 7.9 (15.8) | 6.1 (13.9) |
Percent area - vacant properties, mean (sd) | 9.0 (4.8) | 8.7 (4.8) | 8.8 (4.8) |
Social conditions | |||
Area deprivation indexa, mean (sd) | 6.1 (2.8) | 2.9 (2.3) | 4.5 (3.0) |
Neighborhood povertyc, mean (sd) | 28.4 (16.7) | 5.6 (3.2) | 16.8 (16.5) |
Social cohesiond, mean (sd) | 102.8 (7.4) | 105.5 (10.1) | 104.0 (8.8) |
Social controld, mean (sd) | 24.2 (2.3) | 25.5 (1.8) | 24.8 (2.2) |
Toxicant conditions | |||
Total toxicants 1988-2016 in millions, mean (sd) | 8.1 (12.8) | 4.1 (9.1) | 6.1 (11.2) |
Structures built before 1978 in 1000s, mean (sd) | 42.1 (3.1) | 2.1 (23.1) | 31.5 (29.4) |
Percent area - industrial land use, mean (sd) | 15.7 (5.2) | 17.9 (3.2) | 4.5 (3.7) |
Health measures | |||
Oppositional defiant problemse, mean (sd) | 3.4 (1.8) | 2.9 (1.6) | 3.1 (1.7) |
Conduct problemse, mean (sd) | 1.5 (1.9) | 1.4 (1.7) | 1.5 (1.8) |