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Table 1 Association between social media use and anxietya and depressionb

From: Social media use and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in young adults: a meta-analysis of 14 cross-sectional studies

 

Studies, n

(participants)

Pooled

I2 (%)

effect sizes [95% CI]

Q-statistics

Anxiety symptoms

 Odds ratio

  Overall studies

6 (9579)

1.55 [1.30–1.85]

6.84

26.94

  Quality assessment

   High Quality

4 (7599)

1.45 [1.21–1.73]

1.76

0.00

 β c

3 (2376)

0.05 [−0.32–0.41]

8.36

76.07

 Pearson’s r d

4 (2483)

0.18 [0.10–0.27]

11.13

73.04

Depressive symptoms

 Odds ratio

  Overall studies

6 (13241)

1.43 [1.14–1.80]

15.22

67.16

  Quality assessment

   High Quality

2 (4481)

1.42 [0.69–2.90]

0.33

0.00

 β c

3 (2574)

0.08 [0.01–0.14]

0.82

0.00

  1. a Anxiety symptoms were ascertained using the GAD-7 (cut-off: 10), GHQ-28, GAD-2, PHQ-4, GAD-2, SAS, and DASS-21
  2. b Depressive symptoms were ascertained by the DASS-21, WHO-5 (cut-off: 13), PHQ-9 (cut-off:10), GHQ-28, and PHQ-2
  3. c Beta value calculated by linear regression analysis indicates the change in score over time in hours
  4. d Correlation analysis
  5. Β Beta value; CI Confidence Interval; DASS Subscale scores of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale; GAD Generalized Anxiety Disorder; GHQ-28 General Health Questionnaire-28; PHQ Patient Health Questionnaire; SAS Self-Rating Anxiety Scale
  6. * Significant results are in bold text