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Table 4 Distribution of the 539 ex-smokers and the 416a current smokers before lockdown (multiple unconditional logistic regression analysis)

From: Factors associated with a change in smoking habit during the first COVID-19 lockdown: an Italian cross-sectional study among ever-smokers

Characteristics

Total number of ex-smokers before lockdownc

Relapsing during lockdown

Total number of current smokers before lockdownc

Increasing n° of cigarettes per day during lockdown

%

ORb (95% CI)

relapse vs not relapse

%

ORb (95% CI)

Increase vs not increase

Total

539

13.2

 

416a

32.7

1.00d

Mood

 Improved

207

14.0

1.00d

174

37.9

1.00d

 Not Modified

220

11.8

0.85 (0.48–1.51)

171

26.3

0.57 (0.36–0.92)

 Worsened

103

13.6

0.97 (0.48–1.93)

69

33.3

0.85 (0.47–1.55)

GHQ score

 0–10 (high quality of life)

122

5.7

1.00d

93

10.8

1.00d

 11–15

163

10.4

1.94 (0.77–4.87)

129

31.0

3.59(1.68–7.66)

 16–20

109

15.6

3.27 (1.29–8.33)

90

45.6

6.88 (3.13–15.1)

 > 20 (low quality of life)

92

26.1

6.17 (2.49–15.3)

54

50.0

8.61 (3.62–20.5)

p for trend

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

Sleep quality

 I tertile (good)

61

8.2

1.00d

50

16.0

1.00d

 II tertile (average)

287

11.5

1.42 (0.53–3.82)

218

26.6

1.81 (0.80–4.12)

 III tertile (poor)

188

17.0

2.33 (0.86–6.32)

145

48.3

4.73 (2.06–10.9)

p for trend

  

0.033

  

< 0.001

STAI

 I tertile – low (< 43)

180

6.7

1.00d

131

20.6

1.00d

 II tertile

145

10.3

1.60 (0.72–3.56)

123

30.1

1.64 (0.92–2.92)

 III tertile – high (≥52)

188

20.7

3.59 (1.80–7.16)

149

46.3

3.26 (1.89–5.61)

p for trend

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

  1. Distribution of the 539 ex-smokers before l0ockdown and the 416a current smokers before lockdown according to a reported worsening of smoking habit (relapse for ex-smokers before lockdown or increase in number of cigarettes per day for current smokers before lockdown) due to the COVID lockdown by psychological indicators. Corresponding odds ratiosb (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). (northern Italy, 2020)
  2. SCS Smoking Cessation Service, GHQ General Health Questionnaire, STAI State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
  3. aOf the total 423 current smokers before lockdown, seven subjects did not report their change in smoking habit during lockdown
  4. bEstimated by unconditional logistic regression models after adjustment for sex, age, group of participants (SCS; healthcare provider; students); estimates in bold are those statistically significant at the 0.05 level
  5. cThe sum does not add up to the total because of a few missing values
  6. dReference category