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Table 2 Multivariable analysis of factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 mortality among LTCF residents, South Africa, 5 March 2020–31 July 2021 (n = 1504)

From: SARS-CoV-2 cases reported from long-term residential facilities (care homes) in South Africa: a retrospective cohort study

Characteristic

Case fatality ratio

n/N (%)

Unadjusted odds ratio

(95% CI)

p-value

Adjusted odds ratio

(95% CI)

p-value

Age group

     

  0-39 years

8/400 (2.0)

Reference

 

Reference

 

  40-59 years

20/423 (4.7)

2.4 (1.1-5.6)

0.036

2.4 (1.0-5.5)

0.038

  60-79 years

58/456 (12.7)

7.1 (3.4-15.2)

≤0.001

7.6 (3.6-16.5)

≤0.001

  ≥ 80 years

52/225 (23.1)

14.7 (6.8-31.7)

≤0.001

18.2 (8.1-41.2)

≤0.001

Sexs

     

  Female

59/692 (8.7)

Reference

   

  Male

78/812 (9.9)

1.1 (0.8-1.6)

0.531

  

Race/Ethnicity

     

  Black

47/734 (6.4)

Reference

   

  Coloured

8/101 (7.9)

1.3 (0.6-2.8)

0.572

  

  White

74/610 (12.1)

2.8 (1.3-6.2)

0.008

  

  Indian

9/56 (16.1)

2.1 (1.4-3.0)

≤0.001

  

Type of LTCF

     

  Substance Abuse

9/241 (3.7)

Reference

   

  Frail Care Centre

16/123 (13.0)

3.9 (1.7-9.0)

0.002

  

  Old age home

45/269 (16.7)

5.1 (2.5-11.0)

≤0.001

  

  Psychiatric/Mental

47/657 (7.2)

2.0 (0.9-4.1)

0.065

  

  Retirement village

21/214 (9.8)

2.8 (1.3-6.3)

0.012

  

Wave period

     

  Pre-wave 1

21/118 (18.3)

Reference

 

Reference

 

  Wave 1

70/811 (8.6)

0.4 (0.3-0.7)

0.002

0.3 (0.1-0.9)

0.023

  Post-wave 1

5/60 (8.3)

0.4 (0.1-1.1)

0.099

0.2 (0.05-0.8)

0.027

  Wave 2

25/241 (10.4)

0.5 (0.3-1.0)

0.051

0.3 (0.1-1.0)

0.059

  Post-wave 2

2/20 (10.0)

0.5 (0.1-2.4)

0.394

0.1 (0.02-0.9)

0.035

  Wave 3

15/254 (5.9)

0.3 (0.1-0.6)

0.001

0.2 (0.06-0.6)

0.004

Comorbid condition

     

  1 comorbid condition

22/191 (11.5)

Reference

   

  2 comorbid conditions

≥ 3 comorbid conditions

10/60 (16.7)

5/24 (20.8)

1.5 (0.7-3.5)

2.0 (0.7-6.0)

0.300

0.202

  

Hypertension

     

  No

108/1,280 (8.4)

Reference

   

  Yes

27/194 (13.9)

1.8 (1.1-2.8)

0.015

  

Diabetes mellitus

     

  No

123/1,410 (8.7)

Reference

   

  Yes

12/64 (18.8)

2.4 (1.3-4.6)

0.008

  

Chronic cardiac disease

     

  No

132/1,466 (9.0)

Reference

 

  Yes

3/8 (37.5)

2.7 (1.3-5.6)

0.006

Asthma/Chronic pulmonary disease

     

  No

134/1,450 (9.2)

Reference

 

  Yes

1/24 (4.2)

0.4 (0.1-3.1)

0.407

Chronic renal disease

     

  No

132/1,466 (9.0)

Reference

 

  Yes

3/8 (37.5)

6.1 (1.4-25.74)

0.014

Malignancy

     

  No

134/1,465 (9.2)

Reference

 

  Yes

1/9 (11.1)

1.2 (0.2-10.0)

0.839

HIV

     

  No

133/1,445 (9.2)

Reference

 

  Yes

2/29 (6.9)

0.7 (0.2-3.1)

0.671

Active Tuberculosis

     

  No

135/1,474 (9.2)

Reference

 

  Yes

0

1

Past Tuberculosis

     

  No

135/1,473 (9.2)

Reference

 

  Yes

0

1

Smoking

     

  Never smoked

38/412 (9.2)

Reference

 

  Former smoker

8/70 (11.4)

1.3 (0.6-2.9)

0.461

  Current smoker

2/209 (1.0)

0.09 (0.02-0.4)

0.001

Province

     

  Western Cape

14/64 (21.8)

Reference

 

Reference

 

  Eastern Cape

12/132 (9.1)

0.4 (0.2-0.8)

0.016

1.3 (0.5-3.1)

0.620

  Free State

30/225 (13.3)

0.5 (0.3-1.1)

0.097

4.2 (1.4-12.8)

0.012

  Gauteng

26/430 (6.1)

0.2 (0.1-0.5)

≤0.001

1.5 (0.5-4.7)

0.441

  KwaZulu-Natal

27/305 (8.9)

0.3 (0.2-0.7)

0.004

1.6 (0.5-5.0)

0.380

  Limpopo

2/35 (5.7)

0.2 (0.04-1.1)

0.052

1.5 (0.2-9.6)

0.655

  Mpumalanga

10/99 (10.1)

0.4 (0.2-0.9)

0.043

1.5 (0.4-4.8)

0.544

  Northern Cape

17/214 (7.9)

0.3 (0.1-0.7)

0.003

3.8 (1.2-12.6)

0.028