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Table 3 Crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between level of education (years) and various early exit pathways

From: Educational qualification differences and early labor market exit among men: the contribution of labor market marginalization measured across the working life

 

 ≥ 15

13–14

 

12

 

10–11

 

 ≤ 9

 
 

HR (95%CI)

HR (95%CI)

% Δ

HR (95%CI)

% Δ

HR (95%CI)

% Δ

HR (95%CI)

% Δ

Health-related early exit (7826 events)

  Crude

1.00 (ref)

1.38 (1.25, 1.52)

 

1.79 (1.64, 1.96)

 

2.32 (2.14, 2.51)

 

2.48 (2.29, 2.69)

 

  Unemployment

    Before 18

1.00

1.37 (1.25, 1.51)

1

1.79 (1.63, 1.96)

2

2.25 (2.08, 2.44)

4

2.45 (2.26, 2.66)

6

    Young adulthood

1.00

1.37 (1.25, 1.51)

1

1.79 (1.63, 1.96)

1

2.25 (2.08, 2.44)

5

2.46 (2.26, 2.66)

2

    Middle adulthood

1.00

1.35 (1.23, 1.49)

6

1.73 (1.58, 1.90)

7

2.17 (2.00, 2.35)

11

2.38 (2.20, 2.59)

7

    Older adulthood

1.00

1.37 (1.24, 1.51)

3

1.77 (1.62, 1.94)

3

2.26 (2.09, 2.45)

4

2.46 (2.27, 2.67)

2

    Adjusted for all UE

1.00

1.35 (1.22, 1.49)

8

1.73 (1.58, 1.89)

8

2.10 (1.94, 2.27)

17

2.32 (2.15, 2.52)

11

  Sickness absence

    Middle adulthood

1.00

1.36 (1.23, 1.49)

6

1.74 (1.59, 1.90)

7

2.19 (2.02, 2.37)

10

2.34 (2.16, 2.54)

10

    Older adulthood

1.00

1.32 (1.20, 1.46)

14

1.66 (1.52, 1.82)

17

2.02 (1.86, 2.18)

23

2.16 (1.99, 2.34)

22

    Adjusted for all SA

1.00

1.13 (1.19, 1.44)

18

1.64 (1.50, 1.80)

19

1.97 (1.82, 2.13)

26

2.11 (1.94, 2.29)

25

Full model

1.00

1.23 (1.12, 1.36)

38

1.47 (1.34, 1.61)

41

1.60 (1.46, 1.74)

55

1.68 (1.53, 1.84)

54

Long-term unemployment (5355 events)

  Crude

1.00

1.68 (1.51, 1.88)

 

1.86 (1.67, 2.07)

 

2.29 (2.08, 2.52)

 

2.09 (1.89, 2.31)

 

  Unemployment

         

    Before 18

1.00

1.68 (1.50, 1.87)

1

1.84 (1.65, 2.05)

2

2.22 (2.02, 2.45)

5

2.00 (1.81, 2.22)

8

    Young adulthood

1.00

1.67 (1.49, 1.86)

2

1.84 (1.65, 2.05)

2

2.18 (1.98, 2.40)

9

2.05 (1.86, 2.27)

4

    Middle adulthood

1.00

1.58 (1.42, 177)

14

1.65 (1.48, 1.84)

24

1.85 (1.67, 2.03)

34

1.81 (1.64, 2.00)

26

    Older adulthood

1.00

1.60 (1.43, 1.79)

12

1.71 (1.54, 1.90)

17

1.95 (1.77, 2.15)

26

1.95 (1.76, 2.15)

13

    Adjusted for all UE

1.00

1.55 (1.39, 1.73)

19

1.62 (1.45, 1.81)

28

1.73 (1.57, 1.90)

44

1.80 (1.63, 1.99)

27

  Sickness absence

    Middle adulthood

1.00

1.67 (1.50, 1.87)

1

1.84 (1.65, 2.05)

2

2.24 (2.04, 2.47)

4

2.05 (1.85, 2.26)

4

    Older adulthood

1.00

1.67 (1.49, 1.86)

2

1.82 (1.63, 2.03)

4

2.21 (2.01, 2.43)

6

2.01 (1.82, 2.22)

7

    Adjusted for all SA

1.00

1.66 (1.49, 1.86)

3

1.81 (1.63, 2.02)

5

2.18 (1.94, 2.41)

8

1.99 (1.80, 2.20)

9

Full model

1.00

1.53 (1.37, 1.72)

22

1.57 (1.40, 1.75)

34

1.61 (1.45, 1.79)

52

1.66 (1.48, 1.86)

40

Early old-age pension with income (6248 events)

  Crude

1.00

1.14 (1.05, 1.25)

 

1.15 (1.06, 1.26)

 

1.23 (1.13, 1.33)

 

1.25 (1.15, 1.35)

 

  Unemployment

    Before 18

1.00

1.14 (1.05, 1.25)

0

1.15 (1.05, 1.26)

1

1.22 (1.13, 1.32)

2

1.25 (1.15, 1.35)

2

    Young adulthood

1.00

1.14 (1.04, 1.25)

0

1.15 (1.06, 1.26)

0

1.23 (1.14, 1.33)

0

1.24 (1.15, 1.35)

0

    Middle adulthood

1.00

1.15 (1.05, 1.26)

 + 3

1.15 (1.05, 1.26)

 + 5

1.23 (1.14, 1.32)

 + 7

1.24 (1.14, 1.34)

 + 4

    Older adulthood

1.00

1.15 (1.05, 1.26)

 + 4

1.16 (1.06, 1.27)

 + 7

1.25 (1.16, 1.35)

 + 9

1.26 (1.16, 1.37)

 + 5

    Adjusted for all UE

1.00

1.15 (1.05, 1.26)

 + 5

1.17 (1.07, 1.27)

 + 8

1.25 (1.16, 1.36)

 + 9

1.26 (1.16, 1.36)

 + 4

  Sickness absence

    Middle adulthood

1.00

1.15 (1.05, 1.25)

0

1.15 (1.06, 1.26)

0

1.24 (1.14, 1.33)

 + 1

1.25 (1.15, 1.35)

0

    Older adulthood

1.00

1.15 (1.05, 1.25)

0

1.16 (1.06, 1.26)

 + 1

1.24 (1.14, 1.34)

 + 1

1.25 (1.15, 1.36)

 + 1

    Adjusted for all SA

1.00

1.15 (1.05, 1.25)

 + 1

1.16 (1.06, 1.26)

 + 1

1.24 (1.15, 1.34)

 + 2

1.25 (1.16, 1.36)

 + 2

Full model

1.00

1.15 (1.05, 1.26)

 + 3

1.15 (1.05, 1.26)

5

1.22 (1.12, 1.33)

4

1.23 (1.12, 1.36)

6

Early old-age pension without income (10 963 events)

  Crude

1.00

1.38 (1.29, 1.48)

 

1.50 (1.40, 1.61)

 

1.55 (1.46, 1.65)

 

1.58 (1.48, 1.69)

 

  Unemployment

    Before 18

1.00

1.38 (1.29, 1.49)

0

1.50 (1.40, 1.60)

0

1.56 (1.46, 1.68)

 + 1

1.59 (1.49, 1.70)

 + 2

    Young adulthood

1.00

1.38 (1.29, 1.49)

0

1.50 (1.40, 1.61)

0

1.55 (1.46, 1.65)

 + 1

1.58 (1.48, 1.69)

0

    Middle adulthood

1.00

1.38 (1.29, 1.48)

1

1.50 (1.39, 1.60)

1

1.54 (1.45, 1.64)

2

1.57 (1.48, 1.68)

1

    Older adulthood

1.00

1.37 (1.27, 1.47)

4

1.47 (1.37, 1.57)

6

1.50 (1.41, 1.59)

9

1.55 (1.45, 1.65)

5

    Adjusted for all UE

1.00

1.37 (1.28, 1.47)

3

1.48 (1.38, 1.58)

5

1.52 (1.43, 1.62)

4

1.57 (1.47, 1.67)

2

  Sickness absence

    Middle adulthood

1.00

1.38 (1.29, 1.48)

0

1.50 (1.40, 1.61)

0

1.55 (1.45, 1.65)

1

1.58 (1.48, 1.68)

1

    Older adulthood

1.00

1.38 (1.29, 1.48)

1

1.48 (1.39, 1.60)

3

1.53 (1.43, 1.63)

4

1.56 (1.46, 1.66)

4

    Adjusted for all SA

1.00

1.38 (1.29, 1.48)

1

1.49 (1.39, 1.60)

3

1.53 (1.44, 1.63)

4

1.56 (1.46, 1.66)

4

Full model

1.00

1.39 (1.29, 1.49)

 + 2

1.50 (1.40, 1.61)

0

1.56 (1.46, 1.68)

 + 3

1.62 (1.51, 1.75)

 + 8

  1. HR Hazard ratio, Δ attenuation Representing the proportion of the education–early exit association is explained by the risk factor in question, UE Unemployment, SA Sickness absence
  2. Full model: Adjusted for childhood SEP, cognitive ability, smoking, alcohol, BMI, low emotional control, mental and physical health, labor market marginalization across the working life
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