Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study population, stratified by years of education
≥ 15 | 13–14 | 12 | 10–11 | ≤ 9 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | ||
Total | 7313 (17.9) | 6063 (14.9) | 6583 (16.2) | 11 625 (28.5) | 9177 (22.5) | |
Childhood SEPa | ||||||
Unskilled worker | 1295 (17.7) | 1567 (25.9) | 1988 (30.2) | 4464 (38.4) | 3904 (42.5) | < 0.001 |
Skilled worker | 1025 (14.0) | 1242 (20.5) | 1465 (22.3) | 2889 (24.9) | 2083 (22.7) | |
Low-level non-manual employee | 1088 (14.9) | 809 (13.3) | 786 (11.9) | 1006 (8.7) | 562 (6.1) | |
Intermediate non-manual employee | 2249 (30.8) | 1345 (22.2) | 1254 (19.1) | 1407 (12.1) | 705 (7.7) | |
High-level non-manual employee | 1056 (14.4) | 342 (5.6) | 352 (5.6) | 243 (2.1) | 168 (1.8) | |
Farmer | 472 (6.5) | 657 (10.8) | 638 (9.7) | 1333 (11.5) | 1550 (16.9) | |
Not classified | 128 (1.8) | 101 (1.7) | 100 (1.5) | 283 (2.4) | 206 (2.2) | |
IQb | ||||||
High (7–9) | 5000 (68.4) | 3345 (55.2) | 2495 (37.9) | 2021 (17.4) | 830 (9.0) | < 0.001 |
Medium (4–6) | 2180 (29.8) | 2501 (41.3) | 3466 (52.7) | 7062 (60.8) | 4916 (53.6) | |
Low (1–3) | 129 (1.8) | 214 (3.5) | 618 (9.4) | 2531 (21.8) | 3421 (37.3) | |
Missing | 4 (0.1) | 3 (0.1) | 4 (0.01) | 11 (0.1) | 10 (0.1) | |
Health behaviorsb | ||||||
Smoking ≥ 5 cigarettes/day | 2071 (28.3) | 2147 (35.4) | 2880 (43.8) | 6055 (52.1) | 5087 (55.4) | < 0.001 |
Risky use of alcohol | 1017 (13.9) | 912 (15.0) | 1200 (18.2) | 2751 (23.7) | 2267 (24.7) | < 0.001 |
BMI ≥ 25 | 258 (3.5) | 307 (5.1) | 381 (5.8) | 794 (6.8) | 766 (8.4) | < 0.001 |
Low emotional controlb | 1747 (23.9) | 1408 (23.2) | 1604 (24.4) | 3441 (29.6) | 3121 (34.0) | < 0.001 |
Psychiatric diagnosisb | 571 (7.8) | 418 (6.9) | 519 (7.9) | 1324 (11.4) | 1245 (13.6) | < 0.001 |
Musculoskeletal diagnosisb | 1224 (16.7) | 984 (16.2) | 988 (15.0) | 1903 (15.0) | 1607 (17.5) | < 0.001 |
Inpatient-care psychiatric diagnosisc | 178 (2.4) | 198 (3.3) | 239 (3.6) | 614 (5.3) | 521 (5.7) | < 0.001 |
Employment histories | ||||||
Youth unemploymentb | 206 (2.8) | 250 (4.1) | 411 (6.2) | 1766 (15.2) | 1835 (20.0) | < 0.001 |
Unemployed in young adulthoodd | 219 (3.0) | 237 (3.9) | 244 (3.7) | 988 (8.6) | 471 (5.1) | < 0.001 |
Unemployed in middle adulthoode | 477 (6.5) | 624 (10.3) | 906 (13.8) | 2415 (20.8) | 1404 (15.3) | < 0.001 |
Unemployed in older adulthoodf | 319 (4.4) | 364 (6.0) | 454 (6.9) | 1124 (97) | 609 (6.4) | < 0.001 |
Sickness absence | ||||||
Long-term sickness absence in middle adulthoodg | 198 (2.7) | 239 (3.9) | 327 (5.0) | 836 (7.2) | 650 (7.1) | < 0.001 |
Long-term sickness absence in older adulthoodf | 393 (5.4) | 416 (6.9) | 563 (8.6) | 1321 (11.4) | 1063 (11.6) | < 0.001 |
Outcomeh | ||||||
Health-related early exit | 782 (10.7) | 878 (14.5) | 1213 (18.4) | 2697 (23.2) | 2256 (24.6) | < 0.001 |
Long-term unemployment | 537 (7.3) | 734 (12.1) | 871 (13.2) | 1862 (16.0) | 1351 (14.7) | < 0.001 |
Early old- age pension with income | 993 (13.6) | 924 (15.2) | 1011 (15.4) | 1884 (16.2) | 1489 (16.2) | < 0.001 |
Early old- age pension without income | 1454 (19.9) | 1627 (26.8) | 1878 (28.5) | 3395 (29.2) | 2700 (29.4) | < 0.001 |