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Table 3 Random effects model for absolute educational disparities (SII) in preventive behaviours, risk perception, perceived effectiveness, and trust (Number of observations: 15,902; number of individuals: 4,690)

From: Trends in educational disparities in preventive behaviours, risk perception, perceived effectiveness and trust in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany

 

M1

M2

M3

M4

 

beta (95%-CI)

beta (95%-CI)

beta (95%-CI)

beta (95%-CI)

Preventive behaviours

SII

6.565**

6.779**

7.231**

6.055**

(2.131,10.998)

(2.337,11.222)

(2.779,11.683)

(1.566,10.544)

Trend (linear)

10.59***

10.52***

10.58***

10.61***

(8.960,12.230)

(8.886,12.155)

(8.942,12.208)

(8.980,12.247)

Trend (quadratic)

-3.343***

-3.324***

-3.335***

-3.344***

(-3.827,-2.860)

(-3.808,-2.840)

(-3.818,-2.852)

(-3.827,-2.861)

SII*Trend (linear)

-1.037

-0.967

-1.008

-1.050

(-3.631,1.556)

(-3.561,1.626)

(-3.599,1.583)

(-3.641,1.541)

SII*Trend (quadratic)

0.316

0.296

0.303

0.313

(-0.463,1.095)

(-0.483,1.075)

(-0.475,1.082)

(-0.466,1.091)

\({R}^{2}\)

0.032

0.042

0.077

0.079

\({\widehat{\sigma }}_{u}\)

13.069

12.928

12.519

12.494

\({\widehat{\sigma }}_{e}\)

12.210

12.210

12.210

12.210

\(\widehat{\rho }\)

0.53

0.53

0.51

0.51

Risk perception

SII

11.23***

10.44***

9.443***

8.749***

(7.046,15.420)

(6.242,14.636)

(5.222,13.663)

(4.491,13.007)

Trend

(linear)

-10.81***

-10.80***

-10.72***

-10.68***

(-12.353,-9.267)

(-12.344,-9.259)

(-12.265,-9.180)

(-12.223,-9.138)

Trend (quadratic)

2.617***

2.615***

2.597***

2.587***

(2.160,3.073)

(2.158,3.071)

(2.140,3.053)

(2.131,3.044)

SII*Trend (linear)

-2.440

-2.432

-2.488*

-2.543*

(-4.888,0.007)

(-4.879,0.015)

(-4.935,-0.042)

(-4.990,-0.096)

SII*Trend (quadratic)

0.519

0.517

0.528

0.541

(-0.217,1.254)

(-0.218,1.252)

(-0.207,1.263)

(-0.194,1.276)

\({R}^{2}\)

0.080

0.088

0.098

0.099

\({\widehat{\sigma }}_{u}\)

12.392

12.306

12.195

12.176

\({\widehat{\sigma }}_{e}\)

11.500

11.500

11.500

11.500

\(\widehat{\rho }\)

0.54

0.53

0.53

0.53

Perceived effectiveness

SII

-0.145

-0.269

0.217

-0.688

(-5.036,4.747)

(-5.174,4.636)

(-4.716,5.150)

(-5.662,4.285)

Trend

(linear)

-13.67***

-13.70***

-13.69***

-13.67***

(-15.487,-11.858)

(-15.514,-11.885)

(-15.502,-11.874)

(-15.482,-11.853)

Trend (quadratic)

1.276***

1.283***

1.281***

1.276***

(0.739,1.812)

(0.746,1.819)

(0.744,1.817)

(0.739,1.813)

SII*Trend (linear)

0.0764

0.105

0.101

0.085

(-2.802,2.955)

(-2.774,2.983)

(-2.777,2.980)

(-2.794,2.963)

SII*Trend (quadratic)

0.291

0.283

0.283

0.286

(-0.574,1.156)

(-0.582,1.148)

(-0.582,1.148)

(-0.578,1.151)

\({R}^{2}\)

0.080

0.088

0.098

0.099

\({\widehat{\sigma }}_{u}\)

12.392

12.306

12.195

12.176

\({\widehat{\sigma }}_{e}\)

11.500

11.500

11.500

11.500

\(\widehat{\rho }\)

0.54

0.53

0.53

0.53

Trust

SII

-1.718

-1.806

0.962

-0.851

(-5.543,2.107)

(-5.636,2.024)

(-2.904,4.827)

(-4.777,3.075)

Trend

(linear)

-4.028***

-4.059***

-4.118***

-4.099***

(-5.343,-2.713)

(-5.374,-2.744)

(-5.432,-2.803)

(-5.413,-2.784)

Trend (quadratic)

0.423*

0.431*

0.446*

0.441*

(0.035,0.811)

(0.043,0.819)

(0.057,0.834)

(0.053,0.830)

SII*Trend (linear)

1.320

1.353

1.394

1.377

(-0.764,3.404)

(-0.731,3.436)

(-0.690,3.477)

(-0.706,3.461)

SII*Trend (quadratic)

-0.005

-0.015

-0.025

-0.021

(-0.630,0.620)

(-0.639,0.610)

(-0.649,0.600)

(-0.646,0.604)

\({R}^{2}\)

0.014

0.044

0.065

0.069

\({\widehat{\sigma }}_{u}\)

16.339

16.004

15.757

15.711

\({\widehat{\sigma }}_{e}\)

9.729

9.729

9.729

9.729

\(\widehat{\rho }\)

0.74

0.73

0.72

0.72

  1. M1: SII with linear and quadratic trend variable and an interaction between SII and the linear and quadratic trend variable. M2: M1 + the big five inventory. M3: M2 + sex, age, region, nationality, children under 16 in household, family status, and household size. M4: M3 + income class. \({\widehat{\sigma }}_{u}\): between-unit standard deviation. \({\widehat{\sigma }}_{e}\): within-unit standard deviation. \(\widehat{\rho }\): proportion of variance explained by between-unit differences
  2. *p < 0.05
  3. **p < 0.01
  4. ***p < 0.001