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Table 3 Association between days missed at work and Body Mass Index

From: Obesity- attributable costs of absenteeism among working adults in Portugal

 

Mixed Effect Negative Binomial Regression

 
 

Model 1 (n = 8991)

Model 2 (n = 6932)

Model 3 (n = 8956)

Model 4 (n = 7906)

 

(BMI)

(BMI + Chronic Diseases)

(BMI + Lifestyle Habits)

(BMI + Chronic Diseases + Lifestyle Habits)

 

IRR (p-value)

IRR (p-value)

IRR (p-value)

IRR (p-value)

BMI

  Normal Weight

1

1

1

1

 

-

-

-

-

  Underweight

1.18 (0.685)

[0.52–2.67]

1.33 (0.546)

[0.53–3.35]

1.13 (0.771)

[0.50–2.55]

1.34 (0.536)

[0.53–3.37]

  Overweight

1.14 (0.294)

[0.89–1.46]

0.97 (0.925)

[0.75–1.30]

1.14 (0.296)

[0.89–1.46]

1.01 (0.968)

[0.76–1.33]

  Obese

1.76 (0.001)

[1.26–2.46]

1.63 (0.012)

[1.12–2.38]

1.70 (0.002)

[1.21–2.39]

1.66 (0.009)

[1.13–2.44]

Time (years)

1.11 (0.005)

[1.03–1.20]

1.18 (0.003)

[1.06–1.32]

1.11 (0.013)

[1.02–1.20]

1.14 (0.037)

[1.001–1.28]

Gender

  Male

1

-

1

-

1

-

1

-

  Female

2.83 (< 0.001)

[2.24–3.56]

1.88 (< 0.001)

[1.44–2.44]

2.45 (< 0.001)

[1.90–3.16]

1.79 (< 0.001)

[1.35–2.38]

Age group

    

  18–24 years

1

-

1

-

1

-

1

-

  25–34 years

2.24 (0.005)

[1.27–3.94]

2.01 (0.024)

[1.09–3.68]

2.32 (0.004)

[1.32–4.08]

2.05 (0.021)

[1.12–3.76]

  35–44 years

2.00 (0.013)

[1.16–3.46]

1.58 (0.123)

[0.88–2.83]

2.09 (0.008)

[1.21–3.62]

1.60 (0.116)

[0.89–2.89]

  45–54 years

2.07 (0.011)

[1.18–3.60]

1.37 (0.303)

[0.75–2.50]

2.20 (0.006)

[1.26–3.53]

1.40 (0.274)

[0.76–2.58]

  55–64 years

1.79 (0.059)

[0.98–3.29]

0.98 (0.953)

[0.50–1.92]

1.91 (0.038)

[1.04–3.53]

0.98 (0.962)

[0.50–1.94]

  65 or more years

1.64 (0.340)

[0.59–4.57]

1.06 (0.921)

[0.32–3.53]

1.61 (0.363)

[0.58–4.49]

0.98 (0.969)

[0.29–3.24]

NUTS II

  Lisboa

1

-

1

-

1

-

1

-

  Porto

0.88 (0.421)

[0.64–1.20]

0.87 (0.447)

[0.62–1.24]

0.94 (0.715)

[0.66–1.24]

0.88 (0.460)

[0.62–1.24]

  Centro

1.02 (0.922)

[0.72–1.44]

1.04 (0.823)

[0.71–1.54]

1.02 (0.931)

[0.72–1.44]

1.01 (0.952)

[0.69–1.49]

  Alentejo

0.56 (0.038)

[0.32–0.97]

0.63 (0.144)

[0.34–1.17]

0.55 (0.034)

[0.32–0.96]

0.59 (0.089)

[0.32–1.08]

  Algarve

1.01 (0.982)

[0.52–1.95]

1.10 (0.806)

[0.52–2.34]

1.02 (0.947)

[0.53–1.99]

1.08 (0.837)

[0.51–2.31]

  Azores

0.57 (0.008)

[0.37–0.86]

0.60 (0.035)

[0.38–0.97]

0.58 (0.011)

[0.38–0.88]

0.59 (0.029)

[0.37–0.95]

  Madeira

0.54 (0.007)

[0.35–0.84]

0.52 (0.010)

[0.32–0.86]

0.57 (0.012)

[0.36–0.88]

0.51 (0.008)

[0.31–0.84]

Education level (years)

  9 or less years

1

-

1

-

1

-

1

-

  10–12 years

2.17 (< 0.001)

[1.64–2.85]

2.08 (< 0.001)

[1.44–3.00]

2.02 (< 0.001)

[1.82–3.51]

1.99 (< 0.001)

[1.46–2.71]

  13 or more years

2.67 (< 0.001)

[1.93–3.70]

2.10 (< 0.001)

[1.54–2.85]

2.53 (< 0.001)

[1.82–3.51]

2.06 (< 0.001)

[1.41–2.99]

Chronic Diseases

  Mental

-

2.63 (< 0.001)

[1.75–3.94]

-

2.49 (< 0.001)

[1.66–3.75]

  Rheumatic

-

2.94 (< 0.001)

[2.07–4.18]

-

2.98 (< 0.001)

[2.10–4.24]

  Cancer

-

6.58 (< 0.001)

[2.81–15.38]

-

6.43 (< 0.001)

[2.76–14.98]

  Allergies

-

1.35 (0.057)

[0.99–1.84]

-

1.33 (0.074)

[0.97–1.81]

  Gastrointestinal

-

1.67 (0.013)

[1.11–2.52]

-

1.69 (0.012)

[1.12–2.54]

  Lung disease

-

2.86 (0.003)

[1.44–5.67]

-

2.85 (0.003)

[1.43–5.64]

  Renal Colic

-

2.57 (< 0.001)

[1.52–4.36]

-

2.56 (< 0.001)

[1.52–4.34]

Alcohol

  Never

-

-

1

-

1

-

  Daily

-

-

0.50 (< 0.001)

[0.35–0.70]

0.63 (0.026)

[0.42–0.95]

  Occasionally

-

-

0.68 (0.003)

[0.53–0.87]

0.81 (0.137)

[0.61–1.07]

Smoking habits

    

  Never

-

-

1

-

1

-

  Daily

-

-

1.33 (0.042)

[1.01–1.75]

1.34 (0.061)

[0.99–1.82]

  Occasionally

-

-

0.55 (0.078)

[0.28–1.07]

0.77 (0.486)

[0.36–1.62]

  In the past

-

-

1.61 (0.011)

[1.12–2.33]

2.01 (0.003)

[1.26–3.21]

Regular Exercise

  No

-

-

1

-

1

-

  Yes

-

-

0.74 (0.008)

[0.60–0.92]

0.79 (0.070)

[1.26–3.21]

  1. Notes:
  2. 1) All regressions were adjusted to age, sex, education level, NUTII and time
  3. 2) Chronic Disease means all diseases with p value ≤ 0.02 level of significance on the hypothesis tests, including mental disorder, rheumatic disease, cancer, gastrointestinal disease, allergies, lung disease, renal colic. 3) Lifestyle habits include alcohol, tobacco, and physical activity
  4. IRR Incidence rate ratio
  5. CI Confidence interval
  6. BMI Body Mass Index
  7. Normal Weight – 18.5 -24.9 kg/m2; BMI Overweight 25.0.29.9 kg/m2; BMI; Obese >  = 30.0 kg/m2 BMI
  8. NUTT—Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics