Table 3 Association between the cohorts and the outcome variables sick leave and disability pension and the association between the covariates time (year), sex, educational level, country of birth, degree of urbanization, age category and the outcomes. Inclusion year was also used as an adjustment variable. The model also includes the interaction between the cohorts and time, which is presented in Table 4

Cohort

  General population (ref)

0

(ref)

0

(ref)

  Non-surgical

0.811

[0.808 0.814]

0.627

[0.625 0.630]

  Surgically treated once

0.980

[0.972 0.989]

0.814

[0.807 0.821]

  Surgically treated ≥ 2 times

1.259

[1.245 1.273]

1.113

[1.100 1.127]

Year

  -T5

-0.184

[-0.186 -0.182]

-0.289

[-0.290 -0.289]

  -T4

-0.165

[-0.167 -0.163]

-0.227

[-0.228 -0.227]

  -T3

-0.144

[-0.146 -0.142]

-0.166

[-0.167 -0.166]

  -T2

-0.102

[-0.104 -0.101]

-0.116

[-0.116 -0.115]

  -T1

-0.059

[-0.060 -0.058]

-0.055

[-0.056 -0.055]

  T0 (ref)

0

(ref)

0

(ref)

  T1

0.026

[0.025 0.027]

0.053

[0.053 0.053]

  T2

0.015

[0.014 0.017]

0.101

[0.100 0.101]

  T3

0.021

[0.019 0.023]

0.145

[0.145 0.146]

  T4

0.010

[0.008 0.012]

0.182

[0.182 0.183]

  T5

-0.041

[-0.043 -0.039]

0.220

[0.220 0.221]

Sex

  Male (ref)

0

(ref)

0

(ref)

  Female

0.630

[0.628 0.632]

0.420

[0.418 0.422]

Educational level

  Primary and secondary school (< 9yrs) (ref)

0

(ref)

0

(ref)

  Upper secondary school (10–12 yrs)

-0.097

[-0.099 -0.095]

-0.671

[-0.675 -0.667]

  Post-secondary school (> 12 yrs)

-0.551

[-0.554 -0.548]

-1.671

[-1.684 -1.657]

Country of birth

  Sweden (ref)

0

(ref)

0

(ref)

  Other Nordic countries

0.019

[0.015 0.023]

0.206

[0.201 0.210]

  Other European countries

0.051

[0.048 0.053]

0.345

[0.342 0.349]

  Outside Europe

-0.180

[-0.182 -0.177]

-0.053

[-0.056 -0.049

Degree of urbanization

  Cities (ref)

0

(ref)

0

(ref)

  Towns and suburbs

0.085

[0.082 0.087]

0.045

[0.041 0.048]

  Rural areas

0.058

[0.056 0.060

0.047

[0.043 0.051]

Age category

  23–25 (ref)

0

(ref)

0

(ref)

  26–30

0.542

[0.537 0.547]

-0.172

[-0.179 -0.165]

  31–35

0.867

[0.863 0.872]

0.043

[0.036 0.049]

  36–40

1.038

[1.033 1.042]

0.401

[0.395 0.408]

  41–45

1.086

[1.082 1.091]

0.760

[0.754 0.765]

  46–50

1.123

[1.119 1.128]

1.109

[1.103 1.114]

  51–55

1.196

[1.191 1.200]

1.444

[1.438 1.449]

   ≥ 56

1.201

[1.196 1.205]

1.704

[1.699 1.710]