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Table 1 Descriptive Statistics

From: Beliefs and misperceptions about naloxone and overdose among U.S. laypersons: a cross-sectional study

Variable

N

%

Mean

SD

Gender

  Male

341

48.6

-

-

  Female

346

49.3

-

-

  Non-binary

13

1.9

-

-

  Transgender

2

0.3

-

-

Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish Origin

57

8.1

-

-

Race

  White

519

73.9

-

-

  Black or African American

93

13.2

-

-

  American Indian or Alaska Native

4

0.6

-

-

  Asian

51

7.3

-

-

  Multiple races

27

3.8

-

-

  Other

8

1.1

-

-

Age (years)

-

-

32.6

12.3

Education Level

  No diploma (did not finish high school)

9

1.3

-

-

  High school graduate, GED, or equivalent

98

14.0

-

-

  Some college, no degree

169

24.1

-

-

  Associate degree or bachelor’s degree

333

47.4

-

-

  Master’s degree

78

11.1

-

-

  Professional or doctoral degree

15

2.1

-

-

Residence

  A large city (> 250,000 people)

183

26.1

-

-

  A midsized city (100,000 to 249,999 people)

129

18.4

-

-

  A large town (25,000 to 99,999 people)

144

20.5

-

-

  A small town (2,500 to 24,999 people)

113

16.1

-

-

  A suburb of a large city

87

12.4

-

-

  A rural area (non-farm)

38

5.4

-

-

  A rural area (farm)

8

1.1

-

-

Religious Commitment (1: Low to 10: High)

-

-

3.58

3.0

Political Orientation (1: Liberal to 10: Conservative)

-

-

3.76

2.5

Political Party

  Republican

112

16.0

-

-

  Democrat

374

53.3

-

-

  Other

215

30.6

-

-

Area of Employment

  Medicine (e.g., physician, nurse, physician assistant)

47

6.7

-

-

  Behavioral health (e.g., social worker, counselor, psychologist)

20

2.8

-

-

  First responder (e.g., law enforcement, fire, EMS)

7

1.0

-

-

  Pharmacy (e.g., pharmacist, pharmacy technician)

6

0.9

-

-

  Community service (e.g., parks and recreation, librarian, bus driver, or another public-facing role)

32

4.6

-

-

  Currently unemployed

193

27.5

-

-

  None of the above

396

56.4

-

-

Received prior training about prescription drug abuse (1: Yes)

189

26.9

-

-

Received educational training about naloxone (Narcan) (1: Yes)

106

15.1

-

-

Use of opioids in the past month (non-medical)

  Never

679

96.7

-

-

  Once or twice

15

2.1

-

-

  Monthly

1

0.1

-

-

  Weekly

3

0.4

-

-

  Daily or almost daily

3

0.4

-

-

Use of any drug by injection in the past month (non-medical)

  No, never

698

99.4

-

-

  Yes, at least once in the past 6 months

3

0.4

-

-

Ever received naloxone to reverse an overdose (1: Yes)

5

0.7

-

-

Ever personally witnessed an opioid overdose (1: Yes)

59

8.4

-

-

Ever received services from a harm reduction program (1: Yes)

1

0.1

-

-

Trust in Science (1: Low to 5: High)

-

-

3.81

0.61

Opioid users will use more opioids if they know they have access to naloxonea

-

-

3.51

1.73

Opioid users will be less likely to seek out treatment if they have access to naloxonea

-

-

3.76

1.73

People who overdose once on opioids usually will overdose againa

-

-

4.87

1.44

People who experience a non-fatal opioid overdose usually die of another overdose within the next 12 monthsa

-

-

4.35

1.33

It is risky to provide take-home naloxone to opioid users because they can use it to get high*

-

-

3.33

1.83

If trained and provided with naloxone, bystanders can effectively prevent overdoses in the communitya

-

-

5.57

1.38

  1. aAll such items have responses ranging from (1: Extremely unbelievable to 7: Extremely believable)