Table 1 The average nutritional quality, environmental impact and costs aspects per 100 g foods and drinks in the DNFCS 2012–2016 by degree of processing

Energy (kcal)/100 g

Mono and disaccharides (g)/100 g

N

Mean

(95%CI)

P25, P50, P75

N

Mean

(95%CI)

P25, P50, P75

All

2159

243

(235, 251)

71

211

368

2159

10.7

(10.0, 11.5)

0.4

3.1

11.9

Foods

 Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPF)

481

150

(136, 164)

36

105

189

481

4.9

(4.0, 5.9)

0.0

1.6

4.5

 Processed culinary ingredients

37

664

(575, 752)

396

737

899

37

23.8

(10.2, 37.4)

0.0

0.2

28.2

 Processed

358

249

(228, 271)

83

194

355

358

3.7

(2.8, 4.5)

0.0

0.6

4.0

 Ultra-processed (UPF)

1022

313

(303, 323)

194

302

413

1022

16.1

(14.9, 17.4)

1.3

5.3

25.3

Drinks

 Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPD)

82

75

(50, 99)

35

47

68

82

7.3

(5.3 9.4)

2.1

5.1

9.7

 Processed

18

83

(59, 107)

47

66

111

18

4.9

(2.4, 7.5)

0.9

3.1

6.0

 Ultra-processed (UPD)

161

67

(54, 80)

24

40

66

161

8.7

(7.2, 10.3)

3.9

7.4

10.8

Sodium (mg)/100 g

Saturated fatty acids (g)/100 g

N

Mean

(95%CI)

P25, P50, P75

N

Mean

(95%CI)

P25, P50, P75

All

2159

325

(284, 365)

10

74

400

2159

4.4

(4.1, 4.8)

0.1

1.2

6.2

Foods

 Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPF)

481

126

(91, 160)

5

25

75

481

1.9

(1.5, 2.3)

0.0

0.2

2.0

 Processed culinary ingredients

37

62

(19, 105)

0

0

10

37

19.2

(12.5, 25.9)

1.3

14.3

27.2

 Processed

358

398

(334, 463)

26

232

600

358

6.5

(5.5, 7.5)

0.1

2.6

9.7

 Ultra-processed (UPF)

1022

478

(398, 558)

50

240

524

1022

5.4

(4.9, 5.8)

0.6

2.6

8.3

Drinks

 Unprocessed or minimally processed(MPD)

82

51

(29, 72)

2

22

39

82

0.9

(0.4, 1.5)

0.0

0.0

1.0

 Processed

18

6

(2, 10)

2

3

4

18

0.0

(0.0, 0.0)

0.0

0.0

0.0

Ultra-processed (UPD)

161

19

(14, 23)

1

5

40

161

0.3

(0.1, 0.6)

0.0

0.0

0.0

Fibre (g)/100 g

Protein (g)/100 g

N

Mean

(95%CI)

P25, P50, P75

N

Mean

(95%CI)

P25, P50, P75

All

2159

2

(1.8, 2.1)

0

0.7

2.5

2159

7.1

(6.7, 7.4)

0.8

3.8

10.8

Foods

 Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPF)

481

2.7

(2.3, 3.1)

0.0

1.6

3.0

481

8.9

(8.1, 9.7)

1.1

3.9

18.3

 Processed culinary ingredients

37

0.2

(0.1, 0.5)

0.0

0.0

0.0

37

0.3

(0.1, 0.6)

0.0

0.0

0.3

 Processed

358

1.2

(1.0, 1.5)

0.0

0.1

1.7

358

9.5

(8.3, 10.6)

0.7

2.8

19.5

Ultra-processed (UPF)

1022

2.3

(2.1, 2.5)

0.2

1.3

3.4

1022

7.1

(6.7, 7.5)

2.1

5.8

10.0

Drinks

 Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPD)

82

0.4

(0.2, 0.5)

0.0

0.2

0.4

82

2.5

(1.3, 3.6)

0.4

1.0

2.2

 Processed

18

0.1

(0.0, 0.2)

0.0

0.0

0.3

18

0.2

(0.1, 0.3)

0.0

0.2

0.4

 Ultra-processed (UPD)

161

0.4

(0.1, 0.6)

0.0

0.0

0.2

161

1.0

(0.6, 1.4)

0.0

0.1

1.3

GHG emissions (kg CO₂-eq)/100 g

Blue water use (m³)/100 g

N

Mean

(95%CI)

P25, P50, P75

N

Mean

(95%CI)

P25, P50, P75

All

265

0.54

(0.44, 0.64)

0.14

0.25

0.62

265

0.021

(0.013, 0.029)

0.002

0.006

0.012

Foods

 Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPF)

106

0.55

(0.35, 0.74)

0.12

0.21

0.52

106

0.033

(0.017, 0.049)

0.004

0.007

0.017

 Processed culinary ingredients

7

0.57

(0.10, 1.04)

0.11

0.50

1.22

7

0.060

(0.070, 0.191)

0.001

0.010

0.018

 Processed

20

0.84

(0.52, 1.16)

0.27

0.85

1.10

20

0.036

(0.010, 0.082)

0.005

0.010

0.012

 Ultra-processed (UPF)

98

0.62

(0.49, 0.75)

0.22

0.42

0.64

98

0.008

(0.007, 0.010)

0.004

0.006

0.011

Drinks

 Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPD)

13

0.11

(0.06, 0.15)

0.04

0.14

0.15

13

0.008

(0.002, 0.019)

0.001

0.002

0.004

 Processed

4

0.18

(0.06, 0.30)

0.14

0.21

0.22

4

0.007

(0.001, 0.013)

0.005

0.009

0.009

 Ultra-processed (UPD)

17

0.10

(0.05, 0.14)

0.05

0.06

0.07

17

0.002

(0.001, 0.002)

0.001

0.001

0.002

Food costs ( €)/100 g

N

Mean

(95%CI)

P25, P50, P75

All

993

0.65

(0.57, 0.74)

0.19

0.37

0.80

Foods

 Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPF)

256

0.97

(0.66, 1.29)

0.20

0.48

1.09

 Processed culinary ingredients

12

0.26

(0.14, 0.38)

0.12

0.20

0.38

 Processed

163

0.70

(0.60, 0.79)

0.23

0.54

0.98

 Ultra-processed (UPF)

458

0.55

(0.51, 0.59)

0.24

0.40

0.72

Drinks

 Unprocessed or minimally processed (MPD)

31

0.15

(0.07, 0.24)

0.08

0.11

0.13

 Processed

9

0.33

(0.25, 0.41)

0.25

0.36

0.40

 Ultra-processed (UPD)

64

0.37

(0.23, 0.52)

0.09

0.13

0.36