Table 1 Characteristics Associated with COVID-19 Testing among PWID in San Diego, CA and Tijuana, Mexico (N = 583)

 Male

130(73.0%)

303(74.8%)

433(74.3%)

0.65

 Mean Age (SD)

43.4(11.1)

43.2(10.4)

43.2(10.6)

0.87

 Hispanic/Latinx/Mexican

96(53.9%)

333(82.2%)

429(73.6%)

<.001

 Speaks English

160(89.9%)

258(63.7%)

418(71.7%)

<.001

 Born in the US

142(79.8%)

152(37.5%)

294(50.4%)

<.001

 Primary residence in San Diego

149(83.7%)

193(47.7%)

342(58.7%)

<.001

 Homeless*

100(56.2%)

155(38.3%)

255(43.7%)

<.001

 Completed high school or its equivalent

100(56.2%)

120(29.6%)

220(37.7%)

<.001

 Average monthly income < 500 USD

78(43.8%)

252(62.2%)

330(56.6%)

<.001

 Mean # of hours spent on the street (SD)*

17.0(7.9)

14.7(7.2)

15.4(7.5)

0.001

 Engaged in sex work*

20(11.2%)

56(13.8%)

76(13.0%)

0.39

 Smoked/snorted/inhaled/vaped methamphetamine*

132(74.2%)

236(58.3%)

368(63.1%)

<.001

 Smoked/snorted/inhaled cocaine*

36(20.2%)

29(7.2%)

65(11.1%)

<.001

 Smoked/snorted/inhaled/vaped fentanyl*

63(35.4%)

45(11.1%)

108(18.5%)

<.001

 Smoked/snorted/inhaled heroin*

69(38.8%)

87(21.5%)

156(26.8%)

<.001

 Injected methamphetamine*

106(59.6%)

170(42.0%)

276(47.3%)

<.001

 Injected fentanyl*

55(30.9%)

63(15.6%)

118(20.2%)

<.001

 Injected heroin*

153(86.0%)

358(88.4%)

511(87.7%)

0.41

 Mean # of years of injection drug use (SD)

21.2(12.7)

20.6(12.0)

20.8(12.2)

0.75

 Mean # of times injected drugs per day (SD)*

2.2(1.4)

2.5(1.6)

2.4(1.5)

0.01

 Mean GAD-7 anxiety scale (SD)

14.2(6.4)

12.8(6.0)

13.2(6.1)

0.01

 Mean for: On a scale of 1 to 10, how worried are you of getting COVID-19 (or getting it again)(SD)

4.5(3.3)

5.1(3.0)

4.9(3.1)

0.01

 COVID-19 Misinformation: Does NOT think that the virus that causes COVID-19 can be easily spread from one person to another ^Y3

33(20.9%)

90(23.3%)

123(22.6%)

0.54

 COVID-19 Misinformation: Does NOT think that many thousands of people have died from COVID-19^Y3

17(10.8%)

59(15.3%)

76(14.0%)

0.17

 COVID-19 Misinformation: Thinks that most people already have immunity to COVID-19 ^Y3

101(63.9%)

257(66.6%)

358(65.8%)

0.55

 COVID-19 Misinformation: Thinks that you can tell someone has COVID-19 by looking at them ^Y3

35(22.2%)

82(21.2%)

117(21.5%)

0.81

 COVID-19 Misinformation: Thinks that there are effective treatments for COVID-19 that can cure most people ^Y3

111(70.3%)

302(78.2%)

413(75.9%)

0.05

 COVID-19 Misinformation: Thinks that having COVID-19 is about as dangerous as having the flu ^Y3

100(63.3%)

219(56.7%)

319(58.6%)

0.16

 COVID-19 Disinformation: Thinks the pharmaceutical industry created the COVID-19 virus ^Y3

76(48.4%)

166(43.0%)

242(44.6%)

0.25

 COVID-19 Disinformation: Thinks COVID-19 was created by the Chinese government as a biological weapon ^Y3

95(60.5%)

191(49.5%)

286(52.7%)

0.02

 COVID-19 Disinformation: Thinks the vaccines given to children for diseases like measles and mumps cause autism ^Y3

99(62.7%)

218(56.5%)

317(58.3%)

0.18

 COVID-19 Disinformation: Thinks that COVID vaccines being offered to ‘people like me’ are not as safe as other COVID vaccines ^Y3

64(40.5%)

116(30.1%)

180(33.1%)

0.02

 COVID-19 Disinformation: Thinks that COVID vaccines include a tracking device ^Y3

45(28.5%)

98(25.4%)

143(26.3%)

0.46

 COVID-19 Disinformation: Thinks that some COVID vaccines could change their DNA ^Y3

56(35.4%)

93(24.1%)

149(27.4%)

0.01

 Ever had a flu vaccine ^Y2

97(61.4%)

142(37.0%)

239(44.1%)

<.001

 Tested HIV+

9(5.1%)

37(9.1%)

46(7.9%)

0.10

 Tested HCV+

79(44.9%)

147(36.3%)

226(38.9%)

0.05

 Has at least one chronic illness (excluding seasonal allergies and acne/skin problems)

91(51.1%)

120(29.6%)

211(36.2%)

<.001

 Mean # of chronic conditions (excluding seasonal allergies and acne/skin problems) (SD)

0.9(1.3)

0.5(1.0)

0.6(1.1)

<.001

 Income worse since COVID began ^Y1

107(60.8%)

289(72.4%)

396(68.9%)

0.01

 Low/very low food security since COVID began

137(77.0%)

335(82.7%)

472(81.0%)

0.10

 Exposed to someone with COVID-19

21(11.8%)

13(3.2%)

34(5.8%)

<.001

 Knows someone who died from COVID-19 ^Y5

58(36.5%)

112(28.9%)

170(31.1%)

0.08

 Reported being vaccinated for COVID-19

30(16.9%)

44(10.9%)

74(12.7%)

0.06

 Tested SARS-CoV-2 seropositive ^Y6

50(29.4%)

122(30.4%)

172(30.1%)

0.37

 Practiced Social Distancing

86(48.3%)

82(20.2%)

168(28.8%)

<.001

 Wore a face mask

152(85.4%)

314(77.5%)

466(79.9%)

0.03

 Most important source of COVID-19-related information: Friends ^Y4

48(31.6%)

199(52.2%)

247(46.3%)

<.001

 Most important source of COVID-19-related information: Doctors/health professionals ^Y4

22(14.5%)

12(3.1%)

34 (6.4%)

<.001

 Most important source of COVID-19-related information: Social media ^Y4

30(19.7%)

33(8.7%)

63(11.8%)

<.001

 Incarcerated*

32(18.0%)

26(6.4%)

58(10.0%)

<.001

 Slept in a shelter/welfare residence*

25(14.0%)

17(4.2%)

42(7.2%)

<.001

 Overdose*

37(20.9%)

50(12.3%)

87(14.9%)

0.01

 Tested for HIV or HCV post-COVID

91(52.6%)

139(34.6%)

230(40.0%)

<.001

 Has been enrolled in a drug treatment program*

29(16.3%)

21(5.2%)

50(8.6%)

<.001

 Has been enrolled in a methadone or buprenorphine program*

22(12.4%)

15(3.7%)

37(6.3%)

<.001

 Attended a syringe service program*

8(4.5%)

6(1.5%)

14(2.4%)

0.03