Perceived appraisal | Item and Primary Subconstructs | Mean(SD) | ICC | Cronbach α |
---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived threat | Perceived severity | 0.79 | ||
1. The earlier a person starts smoking, the greater the harm | 6.19(1.48) | 0.31 | ||
2. More smokers get sickness than nonsmokers | 5.24(1.97) | 0.45 | ||
3. Smokers die earlier than nonsmokers | 5.02(1.96) | 0.48 | ||
Perceived vulnerability | ||||
4. I would become addicted if I smoked | 5.17(2.08) | 0.14 | ||
5. I would get sick if I smoked | 4.88(1.90) | 0.47 | ||
6. If I smoked, I may die earlier | 4.50(1.99) | 0.44 | ||
Perceived rewards | Intrinsic rewards | 0.76 | ||
7. Smoking makes people feel comfortable | 5.04(1.81) | 0.16 | ||
8. Smoking helps people concentrate | 4.92(1.79) | 0.22 | ||
9. Smoking enhances brainwork | 5.04(1.79) | 0.22 | ||
Extrinsic rewards | ||||
10. Smokers look cool and fashionable | 2.75(1.82) | 0.25 | ||
11. Smoking is good for social networking | 4.87(1.86) | 0.25 | ||
12. The life of a smoker is happier than that of a nonsmoker | 3.03(1.85) | 0.12 | ||
Perceived efficacy | Self-efficacy | 0.75 | ||
13. I am confident that I can quit smoking successfully | 4.32(2.11) | 0.28 | ||
14. I have the ability to stop smoking | 4.46(2.09) | 0.27 | ||
15. I think stop smoking is easy for me | 3.53(2.13) | 0.13 | ||
Response efficacy | ||||
16. People will feel good by not smoking | 4.31(1.92) | 0.28 | ||
17. People will be less likely to get disease if they do not smoke | 4.85(1.89) | 0.38 | ||
18. Quitting smoking is good for disease recovery | 5.43(1.81) | 0.26 | ||
Perceived costs | Response cost | 0.73 | ||
19. A person may be isolated if they quit smoking | 3.34(1.92) | 0.24 | ||
20. Refusing a cigarette offer is very impolite | 3.85(2.03) | 0.20 | ||
21. One will miss the enjoyment if he or she quits smoking | 3.43(2.00) | 0.17 | ||
Overall | 0.71 |