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Table 2 Model summaries and beta coefficients for propensity and causal models of health utility scores

From: Benchmarking gambling screens to health-state utility: the PGSI and the SGHS estimate similar levels of population gambling-harm

  

Beta coefficients (SE)

Model

 

Propensity

Causal

Causal (no covariates)

DV

 

SGHS

(0 vs 1+)

PGSI

(0 vs 1+)

SF-6D

SF-6D

SF-6D

SF-6D

Regression type

 

Logistic

Logistic

OLS

OLS

OLS

OLS

DV

 

SGHS

PGSI

SGHS

PGSI

SGHS

PGSI

Constant

 

2.042***

(0.257)

2.435***

(0.235)

0.836***

(0.009)

0.832***

(0.009)

0.803***

(0.004)

0.804***

(0.004)

Gambling harms

(0) None (n = 1546)

  

–

 

–

 

(SGHS)

(1-2) Low (n = 370)

  

−0.020**

(0.006)

 

−0.022**

(0.007)

 

(3-5) Moderate (n = 368)

  

−0.062***

(0.007)

 

−0.075***

(0.007)

 

(6-10) High (n = 319)

  

−0.109***

(0.007)

 

−0.153***

(0.008)

 

Gambling problems

(0) Non-problem NP (n = 1331)

   

–

 

–

(PGSI)

(1,2) Low risk LR (n = 399)

   

−0.005

(0.006)

 

−0.007

(0.007)

(3-7) Moderate risk MR (n = 438)

   

−0.051***

(0.006)

 

− 0.066***

(0.007)

(8+) Problems PG (n = 435)

   

−0.099***

(0.007)

 

−0.137***

(0.007)

Alcohol consumption

Non-drinker

  

–

–

  

(AUDIT-C)

(0-3) Non-risky

  

0.008*

(0.007)

0.011*

(0.008)

  

(4+) Risky

  

0.007

(0.007)

0.011

(0.007)

  

Age (polynomial)

Linear (1)

−0.034***

(0.003)

−0.037***

(0.003)

0.278*

(0.124)

0.111

(0.123)

  

Quadratic (2)

  

−0.251

(0.118)

−0.365**

(0.116)

  

Cubic (3)

  

−0.235

(0.116)

−0.246*

(0.113)

  

Gender

Male

–

–

–

–

  

Female

−0.160

(0.107)

−0.251

(0.090)

− 0.016***

(0.005)

−0.019***

(0.005)

  

Country of birth

Overseas

–

–

–

–

  

Australia

−0.164

(0.107)

−0.264*

(0.105)

− 0.015*

(0.006)

−0.008

(0.006)

  

Education

Secondary or less

–

–

    

Trade/Cert

−0.091

(0.114)

−0.227*

(0.111)

    

Tertiary

0.212

(0.120)

−0.110

(0.119)

    

Postgrad

0.344*

(0.153)

0.200

(0.154)

    

Unemployed (ref = no)

  

−0.284

(0.195)

    

Personal income

 

0.111***

(0.029)

0.079**

(0.029)

    

Household income

 

−0.128***

(0.025)

−0.095***

(0.024)

    

Mother’s highest education achieved

 

−0.063***

(0.019)

     

Sick or on a disability pension (ref = no)

   

−0.126***

(0.015)

−0.133***

(0.015)

  

Recreational drug use (ref = no)

   

−0.020*

(0.008)

−0.015

(0.008)

  

Cigarettes consumed per day

Non-smoker (0)

  

–

–

  

<  10

  

−0.014*

(0.007)

−0.019**

(0.007)

  

10+

  

−0.010

(0.007)

−0.018*

(0.007)

  

Past year diagnosis of … (ref = no)

Mood disorder

  

−0.049***

(0.009)

−0.053***

(0.009)

  

Anxiety disorder

  

−0.066***

(0.007)

−0.071***

(0.007)

  

Personality disorder

  

−0.017

(0.013)

−0.023

(0.013)

  

Any other psych. Disorder

  

−0.037**

(0.012)

−0.027*

(0.012)

  

Observations

2603

2603

2603

2603

2603

2603

Adjusted R2

  

0.292

0.288

0.148

0.132

Residual Std. Error

  

0.165

0.163

0.181

0.181

Model df

  

18, 2584

18, 2584

3, 2599

32,599

F

  

60.693***

59.427***

151.3***

132.9***

  1. Note: Propensity models are unweighted. Case weights for the causal models (both with and without covariates) calculated from estimated probabilities from the propensity models. * p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001