Model 1 (Average retail prices ($)) | Model 2 (Federal and state taxes per pack ($)) | Model 3 (Federal and state taxes per pack as percentages of average retail prices (%)) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Value | 95% CI | p-value | Value | 95% CI | p-value | Value | 95% CI | p-value | |
Total | -0.52 | (-0.71, -0.33) | < 0.001 | -0.65 | (-0.88, -0.42) | < 0.001 | -0.05 | (-0.07, -0.03) | < 0.001 |
By age groups | |||||||||
18–24 | -1.80 | (-2.3, -1.29) | < 0.001 | -1.87 | (-2.49, -1.25) | < 0.001 | -0.15 | (-0.22, -0.09) | < 0.001 |
25–49 | -0.73 | (-0.99, -0.48) | < 0.001 | -0.92 | (-1.23, -0.62) | < 0.001 | -0.08 | (-0.11, -0.05) | < 0.001 |
50 + | -0.43 | (-0.58, -0.28) | < 0.001 | -0.56 | (-0.75, -0.38) | < 0.001 | -0.05 | (-0.07, -0.03) | < 0.001 |
By gender | |||||||||
Males | -0.77 | (-1.03, -0.52) | < 0.001 | -0.95 | (-1.26, -0.65) | < 0.001 | -0.08 | (-0.11, -0.05) | < 0.001 |
Females | -0.59 | (-0.78, -0.39) | < 0.001 | -0.73 | (-0.96, -0.5) | < 0.001 | -0.06 | (-0.09, -0.04) | < 0.001 |
By race | |||||||||
NH White | -0.52 | (-0.72, -0.32) | < 0.001 | -0.71 | (-0.96, -0.47) | < 0.001 | -0.06 | (-0.09, -0.04) | < 0.001 |
NH Black | -1.48 | (-2.13, -0.83) | < 0.001 | -1.79 | (-2.58, -1.00) | < 0.001 | -0.16 | (-0.24, -0.08) | 0.001 |
Hispanic | -1.30 | (-1.83, -0.76) | < 0.001 | -1.50 | (-2.15, -0.86) | < 0.001 | -0.15 | (-0.21, -0.08) | < 0.001 |
Other | -1.34 | (-1.82, -0.86) | < 0.001 | -1.47 | (-2.05, -0.90) | < 0.001 | -0.12 | (-0.18, -0.07) | < 0.001 |
By income | |||||||||
0 K—< 25 K | -0.39 | (-0.68, -0.11) | 0.01 | -0.42 | (-0.76, -0.07) | 0.02 | -0.03 | (-0.06, 0.00) | 0.08 |
25 K—< 50 k | -0.90 | (-1.16, -0.65) | < 0.001 | -1.14 | (-1.45, -0.84) | < 0.001 | -0.11 | (-0.14, -0.08) | < 0.001 |
50 K—< 75 K | -1.02 | (-1.27, -0.77) | < 0.001 | -1.30 | (-1.60, -1.01) | < 0.001 | -0.12 | (-0.15, -0.09) | < 0.001 |
75 K + | -0.90 | (-1.10, -0.69) | < 0.001 | -1.14 | (-1.38, -0.89) | < 0.001 | -0.11 | (-0.14, -0.09) | < 0.001 |