Characteristic N (%), median (IQR) | Condomless anal intercourse (N = 4,290) | Anal intercourse without condoms (N = 3,796) | Total (N = 8,086) |
  Individual-level characteristics | |||
  Median age | 28 (22, 36) | 29 (23, 37) | 28 (23, 36) |
  Marital status | |||
    Never married | 2,018 (52.8) | 1,577 (42.2) | 3,595 (47.6) |
    Currently married/ living with partner | 2,006 (41.2) | 2,031 (52.6) | 4,037 (46.9) |
    Divorced/ widowed/ separated/ other | 266 (5.9) | 187 (5.1) | 453 (5.5) |
  Sexual identity | |||
    Panthi | 1,616 (41.1) | 1,145 (35.2) | 2,761 (38.2) |
    Kothi | 1,007 (18.2) | 1,223 (25.9) | 2,230 (22.0) |
    Double-decker | 1,210 (27.9) | 1,045 (23.8) | 2,255 (25.8) |
    Gay/ MSM | 57 (0.1) | 80 (2.0) | 137 (1.5) |
    Bisexual | 400 (11.9) | 303 (13.1) | 703 (12.5) |
  Education | |||
    Primary school or less | 894 (18.3) | 659 (14.7) | 1,553 (16.6) |
    Secondary school | 1,894 (46.1) | 1,510 (39.7) | 3,404 (42.9) |
    High school or more | 1,502 (35.6) | 1,626 (45.6) | 3,128 (40.5) |
  Monthly income | |||
    < $50 | 526 (14.1) | 507 (13.0) | 1,033 (13.6) |
    $50-$115 | 969 (19.7) | 851 (18.3) | 1,820 (19.0) |
    > $115 | 2,795 (66.2) | 2,438 (68.7) | 5,233 (67.4) |
    HIV treatment literacyb | 1,198 (22.7) | 1,702 (35.4) | 2,900 (29.1) |
    History of sex workc | 1,733 (27.7) | 1,192 (22.0) | 2,925 (24.8) |
    Median number of sexual partners in prior 6 months | 2 (1, 5) | 2 (1, 4) | 3 (1, 7) |
    Childhood sexual abused | 1,075 (20.5) | 908 (17.1) | 1,983 (18.8) |
    Forced sexe | 1,048 (18.7) | 856 (17.3) | 1,904 (18.0) |
    Ever sex with woman | 2,988 (72.3) | 2,502 (73.9) | 5,490 (73.1) |
    Median alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) score | 5 (0–11) | 1 (0–7) | 3 (0–9) |
    Substance use in prior 6 monthsf (excluding marijuana) | 619 (7.9) | 308 (4.9) | 927 (6.4) |
    Substance use in prior 6 monthsf (including marijuana) | 946 (14.9) | 532 (9.3) | 1,478 (12.1) |
    Syphilis (self-reported) | 163 (2.9) | 207 (3.3) | 370 (3.1) |
    STI symptoms in prior 6 monthsg | 266 (5.4) | 156 (4.2) | 422 (4.8) |
  HSV-2 status | |||
    Negative | 3,192 (74.5) | 2,517 (69.2) | 5,709 (71.9) |
    Positive | 923 (21.6) | 1,111 (26.7) | 2,034 (24.1) |
    Indeterminate | 169 (3.9) | 166 (4.0) | 335 (4.0) |
  HIV status of participant | |||
    HIV- | 3,816 (90.7) | 2,982 (80.4) | 6,798 (85.6) |
    HIV + , undetectable viral load | 193 (4.4) | 463 (12.0) | 656 (8.1) |
    HIV + , detectable viral load | 281 (4.9) | 351 (7.7) | 632 (6.3) |
Characteristic N (%), median (IQR) | Unprotected anal intercourse (N = 9,946) | Anal intercourse without condoms (N = 11,777) | Total (N = 21,723) |
Partner-level characteristics | |||
  Partner’s identity | |||
    Panthi | 3,946 (38.9) | 3,065 (36.5) | 7,011 (37.8) |
    Kothi | 3,998 (29.4) | 3,861 (34.9) | 7,859 (32.0) |
    Double-decker | 2,677 (20.4) | 2,245 (16.9) | 4,922 (18.8) |
    Gay/ MSM | 444 (4.7) | 372 (6.5) | 816 (5.6) |
    Bisexual | 219 (2.3) | 319 (4.3) | 538 (3.3) |
    Hijra | 493 (4.2) | 84 (0.9) | 577 (2.6) |
  Relationship to partner | |||
    Boyfriend | 3,101 (20.2) | 2,599 (20.9) | 5,700 (20.6) |
    Casual/ one-time partner | 7,504 (70.0) | 6,586 (71.5) | 14,090 (70.7) |
    Commercial sex worker | 1,147 (9.8) | 748 (7.6) | 1,895 (8.7) |
  Partner’s HIV status | |||
    Negative | 6,450 (47.7) | 6,713 (65.7) | 13,163 (56.1) |
    Positive | 136 (0.6) | 185 (2.1) | 321 (1.3) |
    Unknown | 5,191 (51.8) | 3,047 (32.2) | 8,238 (42.6) |
  Use of alcohol/ drugs prior to intercourse | |||
    Never | 4,914 (51.6) | 6,659 (71.5) | 11,573 (60.9) |
    Sometimes | 4,163 (28.0) | 1,866 (16.0) | 6,029 (22.4) |
    Always | 2,697 (20.4) | 1,420 (12.4) | 4,117 (16.7) |
  Frequency of anal intercourse with partner | |||
    Less than weekly | 8.134 (79.2) | 6,857 (78.3) | 14,991 (78.8) |
    At least weekly | 3,186 (20.8) | 2,847 (21.7) | 6,033 (21.2) |
  Frequency of penetrative anal intercourse with partner | |||
    Never | 3,449 (26.0) | 3,109 (29.2) | 6,558(27.5) |
    Less than weekly | 5,918 (56.5) | 4,866 (56.0) | 10,784 (56.3) |
    At least weekly | 2,354 (17.5) | 1,939 (14.8) | 4,293 (16.2) |
  Frequency of receptive anal intercourse with partner | |||
    Never | 4,251 (46.4) | 3,182 (40.5) | 7,433 (43.6) |
    Less than weekly | 4,890 (43.9) | 4,623 (47.1) | 9,513 (45.4) |
    At least weekly | 1,838 (9.7) | 1898 (12.3) | 3,736 (11.0) |