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Table 2 Comparison of keeping a safe physical distance between travelers in different control and intervention conditions

From: Nudging physical distancing behaviors during the pandemic: a field experiment on passengers in the subway stations of shiraz, Iran

Type of intervention

Physical distances, N (%)

OR (CI 95%)

P value

Safe (≥ 1.2 m)

Unsafe (<  1.2 m)

Threat appeal / Coping message

153 (15)

892 (85)

2.0 (1.5–2.7)

< 0.001

Control (no-intervention)

67 (8)

788 (92)

Coping message

67 (18)

303 (82)

2.6 (1.8–3.7)

< 0.001

Control (no-intervention)

67 (8)

788 (92)

Threat appeal

86 (13)

589 (87)

1.7 (1.2–2.4)

0.002

Control (no-intervention)

67 (8)

788 (92)

Coping message

67 (18)

303 (82)

1.5 (1.1–2.1)

0.022

Threat appeal

86 (13)

589 (87)