Association between maternal exposure to indoor air pollution and offspring congenital heart disease: a case–control study in East China

Table 5 Interaction effects of exposure to TVOCs and PM_2.5 on the risks of CHD

Exposure	N, controls/cases	AOR^a (95% CI)
Low TVOC and low PM_2.5	40/12	Reference
High TVOC and low PM_2.5	12/15	3.70 (0.93–14.65)
Low TVOC and high PM_2.5	17/4	0.80 (0.18–3.66)
High TVOC and high PM_2.5	6/13	8.99* (2.05–39.41)
Cross-product for interaction		6.99* (1.75–27.85)
RERI on the additive scale		5.49 (-8.99–19.97)
AP on the additive scale		0.61 (-0.25–1.47)

Low TVOC was defined as a TVOC concentration ≤ 0.30 mg/m³, while high TVOC was defined as a TVOC concentration > 0.30 mg/m³; low PM_2.5 was defined as a PM_2.5 concentration ≤ 13 µg/m³, while high PM_2.5 was defined as a PM_2.5 concentration > 13 µg/m³
^aAdjusted for maternal and paternal age, maternal and paternal education level, house renovation and ventilation (category), exposure to environmental pollutants near the residence (category), and smoke ventilator usage when cooking. The low-level group served as the referenc
^*Adjust p value (Benjamin-Hochberg correction) < 0.05 vs. control

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