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Table 3 Associations between indoor air pollutant exposure levels and CHD

From: Association between maternal exposure to indoor air pollution and offspring congenital heart disease: a case–control study in East China

Indoor air pollutant

exposure levels

Controls

N (%)

Cases

N (%)

COR

AORa

TVOCb

 Low (≤ 0.005 mg/m3)

38 (50.7)

9 (20.5)

Reference

Reference

 Middle (0.006–0.300 mg/m3)

19 (25.3)

6 (15.9)

1.56 (0.50–4.82)

1.62 (0.40–6.56)

 High (> 0.301 mg/m3)

18 (24.0)

19 (63.6)

6.57** (2.57–16.77)

7.09* (2.10–23.88)

Formaldehyde

 Low (≤ 0.01 mg/m3)

26 (34.7)

23 (52.3)

Reference

Reference

 Middle (0.011–0.030 mg/m3)

25 (33.3)

9 (20.5)

0.41 (0.16–1.05)

0.73 (0.22–2.43)

 High (> 0.031 mg/m3)

24 (32.0)

12 (27.3)

0.56 (0.23–1.38)

0.82 (0.25–2.68)

PM2.5

 Low (≤ 4 µg/m3)

27 (36.0)

6 (13.6)

Reference

Reference

 Middle (5–13 µg/m3)

25 (33.3)

21 (47.7)

3.78* (1.31–10.89)

2.89 (0.77–10.88)

 High (> 13 µg/m3)

23 (30.7)

17 (38.6)

3.32* (1.13–9.84)

3.26 (0.84–12.71)

PM10

 Low (≤ 5 µg/m3)

24 (32.0)

4 (9.1)

Reference

Reference

 Middle (6–14 µg/m3)

28 (37.3)

22 (50.0)

4.71* (1.43–15.60)

5.00 (1.12–22.31)

 High (> 14 µg/m3)

23 (30.7)

18 (40.9)

4.70* (1.38–15.99)

5.36 (1.13–25.44)

  1. aAdjusted for maternal and paternal age, maternal and paternal education level, house renovation and ventilation (category), exposure to environmental pollutants near the residence (category), and smoke ventilator usage when cooking
  2. bAs the TVOC concentration was below the MDL in more than one-third of the control population, TVOC exposure levels were divided into low (equal or lesser than the MDL value), middle (below the median detected value of the control distribution), and high (above the median detected value of the control distribution) groups
  3. *Adjust p value (Benjamin-Hochberg correction) < 0.05, **Adjust p value (Benjamin-Hochberg correction) < 0.01 vs. control