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Table 1 General characteristics (N = 283)

From: Relationship between Mother’s emotional intelligence, negative parenting behaviour, Preschooler’s attachment instability, and smart device overdependence

Variable

Category

n

%

M ± SD

Mother’s age (years)

< 35

93

32.9

36.3 ± 3.9

36–40

150

53.0

 

41<

40

14.1

 

Mother’s education

< High school graduate

8

2.8

 

Vocational college

35

12.4

 

College graduate

186

65.7

 

Over graduate school

54

19.1

 

Mother’s occupation

Full-time

167

59.0

 

Not employed (including leave)

85

30.0

 

Part-time

31

11.0

 

Mother’s smart device usage time (daily)

≤0.5 h

47

16.6

2.0 ± 2.0

< 0.5–1 h

78

27.6

 

< 1–2 h

75

26.5

 

< 2–3 h

36

12.7

 

3 h<

47

16.6

 

Household monthly income (Korean 10 thousands wona)

< 200

1

0.4

 

201–300

29

10.3

 

301–400

49

17.3

 

401–500

57

20.1

 

501<

147

51.9

 

Preschooler’s gender

Boys

130

45.9

 

Girls

153

54.1

 

Preschooler’s age (years)

3

61

21.6

4.3 ± .9

4

118

41.7

 

5

73

25.8

 

6

31

10.9

 

Preschooler’s birth order

First

201

71.0

 

Second

69

24.4

 

Third<

13

4.6

 

Purpose of use (multiple responses, n = 474)

Education

158

33.3

 

Recreation

156

32.9

 

Babysitting

70

14.8

 

Begging

64

13.5

 

Others

26

5.5

 

Preschooler’s smart device usage time (daily)

≤0.5 h

125

44.2

1.1 ± 1.5

< 0.5–1 h

63

22.3

 

< 1–2 h

66

23.3

 

< 2–3 h

12

4.2

 

3<

17

6.0

 

Preschooler’s smartphone usage level

< 24 (normal usage group)

209

73.9

19.1 ± 6.3

24–27 (risk of overdependence group)

57

20.1

 

28 ≤ (overdependent group)

17

6.0

 
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