Variable | Category | n | % | M ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mother’s age (years) | < 35 | 93 | 32.9 | 36.3 ± 3.9 |
36–40 | 150 | 53.0 | ||
41< | 40 | 14.1 | ||
Mother’s education | < High school graduate | 8 | 2.8 | |
Vocational college | 35 | 12.4 | ||
College graduate | 186 | 65.7 | ||
Over graduate school | 54 | 19.1 | ||
Mother’s occupation | Full-time | 167 | 59.0 | |
Not employed (including leave) | 85 | 30.0 | ||
Part-time | 31 | 11.0 | ||
Mother’s smart device usage time (daily) | ≤0.5 h | 47 | 16.6 | 2.0 ± 2.0 |
< 0.5–1 h | 78 | 27.6 | ||
< 1–2 h | 75 | 26.5 | ||
< 2–3 h | 36 | 12.7 | ||
3 h< | 47 | 16.6 | ||
Household monthly income (Korean 10 thousands wona) | < 200 | 1 | 0.4 | |
201–300 | 29 | 10.3 | ||
301–400 | 49 | 17.3 | ||
401–500 | 57 | 20.1 | ||
501< | 147 | 51.9 | ||
Preschooler’s gender | Boys | 130 | 45.9 | |
Girls | 153 | 54.1 | ||
Preschooler’s age (years) | 3 | 61 | 21.6 | 4.3 ± .9 |
4 | 118 | 41.7 | ||
5 | 73 | 25.8 | ||
6 | 31 | 10.9 | ||
Preschooler’s birth order | First | 201 | 71.0 | |
Second | 69 | 24.4 | ||
Third< | 13 | 4.6 | ||
Purpose of use (multiple responses, n = 474) | Education | 158 | 33.3 | |
Recreation | 156 | 32.9 | ||
Babysitting | 70 | 14.8 | ||
Begging | 64 | 13.5 | ||
Others | 26 | 5.5 | ||
Preschooler’s smart device usage time (daily) | ≤0.5 h | 125 | 44.2 | 1.1 ± 1.5 |
< 0.5–1 h | 63 | 22.3 | ||
< 1–2 h | 66 | 23.3 | ||
< 2–3 h | 12 | 4.2 | ||
3< | 17 | 6.0 | ||
Preschooler’s smartphone usage level | < 24 (normal usage group) | 209 | 73.9 | 19.1 ± 6.3 |
24–27 (risk of overdependence group) | 57 | 20.1 | ||
28 ≤ (overdependent group) | 17 | 6.0 |