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Table 3 Association between sleep complaints (PSQI question 5 including 9 sub-items), demographic variables and sleep schedule (PSQI items 1–4) (z (p values))

From: Psychosocial issues and sleep quality among seafarers: a mixed methods study

 

Marital statusb (Single/Married)

Shift workb (day work/shift work)

Educationb (not academic/academic)

Q1 c

Q2c

Q3 c

Q4 c

Cannot get to sleep within 30 min

− 1.15 (0.25)

− 1.77 (0.08)

−3.99(< 0.001a)

− 0.14 (0.89)

4.55(< 0.001a)

− 0.68 (0.49)

−5.8(< 0.001a)

Wake up in the middle of the night or early morning

−2.95 (0.003a)

0.85 (0.40)

−2.56 (0.01a)

0.18 (0.86)

2.48 (0.01a)

−1.72 (0.09a)

−2.42 (0.02a)

Have to get up to use the bathroom

0.93 (0.35)

0.20 (0.84)

−0.34 (0.73)

−4.6(< 0.001a)

2.43 (0.02a)

− 0.69 (0.49)

−1.61 (0.11)

Cannot breathe comfortably

−1.87 (0.06)

0.04 (0.96)

−2.32 (0.02a)

−2.2 (0.03a)

2.74 (0.01a)

0.42 (0.67)

−1.30 (0.19)

Cough or snore loudly

−0.53 (0.60)

0.14 (0.89)

−1.79 (0.07)

−1.08 (0.28)

1.59 (0.11)

−0.78 (0.43)

−1.50 (0.13)

Feel too cold

−1.86 (0.06)

−0.53 (0.59)

−1.31 (0.19)

−2.66 (0.01a)

0.86 (0.39)

1.33 (0.18)

−2.19 (0.03a)

Feel too hot

−1.64 (0.10)

0.56 (0.57)

−2.68 (0.01a)

1.09 (0.58)

2.89 (0.004a)

0.66 (0.51)

−2.16 (0.03a)

Have bad dreams

−1.28 (0.20)

0.77 (0.44)

−1.98 (0.04a)

−2.02 (0.04a)

1.43 (0.15)

0.43 (0.67)

−0.73 (0.47)

Have pain

1.60 (0.11)

1.92 (0.05a)

−0.40 (0.69)

0.83 (0.41)

1.23 (0.22)

0.86 (0.39)

−0.98 (0.33)

  1. aStatistically significant at level 0.05 of type 1 error
  2. bTwo-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann-Whitney) test. Negative z statistics reflects higher frequency for the second group of column variable
  3. cCuzick test. Negative z statistics reflects negative association or higher values in column variable occur rarely in row variable
  4. Q1: When have you usually gone to bed?
  5. Q2: How long (in minutes) has it taken you to fall asleep each night?
  6. Q3: When have you usually gotten up in the morning?
  7. Q4: How many hours of actual sleep do you get at night?