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Table 2 Characteristics of selected studies (N = 24)

From: A review of the prevalence, trends, and determinants of coexisting forms of malnutrition in neonates, infants, and children

Publication year

Country

Data

Study design

Study year

Sample size

Sampling method

Study measures

Study population

Data analysis

Adult age

Indicator

Children age

Indicator

Florencio, et al., (2001)

Brazil

P

CS

1999

1247

Home to home survey

Prevalence, Determinants

10 to 18 years, Adults over 18 years

BMI

<  10 years

HAZ,

WAZ,

WHZ

Paired t-test, Multiple regression, variance analysis

Fernald & Neufeld (2007)

Mexico

S

CS

2003

7555

Nil

Prevalence,

Determinants

31 ± 9 years

BMI

24 to 72 months

HAZ,

BMI*

Multi-nominal logistic analysis

Severi & Moratorio, (2014)

Uruguay

S

CS,

LS

2004 to 2011,

2012

4254 children,

3524 women.

Random sampling.

Nil

Determinants

13 to 15 years

BMI,

Hb-test

6 years and 11 years

HAZ,

WAZ,

WHZ,

BAZ,

Hb-level.

Chi-square test.

Kinyoki, et al., (2016)

Somalia

S

CS

2007 to 2010

73,778

Two-stage cluster sampling

Prevalence,

–

–

0 to 59 months

HAZ,

WAZ,

WHZ

Multivariate spatial technique,

Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA)

Rachmi, et al., (2016)

Indonesia

S

CS

1993,

1997,

2000,

2007

4101

Stratified random sampling

Determinants,

Trend.

–

–

24 to 59 months

HAZ,

BAZ

Multi-variate analysis model

Zhang, et al., (2016)

China

S

CS

1991,

1993,

1997,

2000,

2004,

2006,

2009

5017

Multistage random-clustered sampling

Prevalence,

Determinants,

Trend.

–

–

0 to 18 years

HAZ,

WAZ,

WHZ,

BAZ

Multi-nomial logit model

Saaka & Galaa, (2016)

Ghana

S

CS

2014

2720

Stratified cluster sampling

Prevalence, Determinants.

–

–

0 to 59 months

HAZ,

WHZ

Moderated hierarchical multiple regression analysis

Mgongo, et al., (2017)

Tanzania

P

CS

2010 to 2011

1870

Multistage sampling

Prevalence

–

–

0 to 24 months

HAZ,

WAZ,

WHZ,

Hb-test

Multivariate logistic regression

Zhang, et al., (2018)

China

S

CS

2016

6570

Multistage sampling

Prevalence

–

–

0 to 59 months

HAZ,

WAZ,

WHZ,

BAZ

Chi-square,

Logistic regression

Global Nutrition Report (2018)

Global

S

DDB

Nil

Nil

Nil

Prevalence

Adolescent and Adult

BMI,

Hb-test,

BP,

DM-test,

Na-intake

0 to 59 months

HAZ,

WHZ

Descriptive

Minh Do, et al., (2018)

Vietnam

P

LS

2013 to 2016

2602

Strategic selection

Trend

–

–

3 to 6 years

HAZ,

WHZ

Chi-square

Fongar et al., (2019)

Kenya

S

CS

2016

1058

Two-stage random sampling

Types,

Prevalence,

Determinants

Adults

BMI

6 to 59 months

HAZ, WAZ, WHZ, MN-testing

t-test

Garenne, et al., (2019)

Senegal

S

LS

1983 to 1984

12,638

Nil

Prevalence,

Determinants

–

–

6 to 59 months

HAZ,

WAZ,

WHZ,

HC,

MUAC,

Skinfolds

Multivariate analysis (linear models & logit-linear model)

Global Nutrition Report (2019)

Global

S

DDB

Nil

Nil

Nil

Prevalence

Adolescent and Adult

BMI,

Hb-test,

BP,

DM-test,

Na-intake

0 to 59 months

HAZ,

WHZ

Descriptive

Islam & Biswas, (2019)

Bangladesh

S

CS

2014

6965

Two-stage stratified sampling

Types,

Prevalence,

Determinants

–

–

0 to 59 months

HAZ,

WAZ,

WHZ

Multivariable logistic regression

Varghese & Stein (2019)

India

S

CS

2015 to 2016

145,653

Stratified, two-stage probability sampling

Types,

Prevalence

Women (15 to 49 years)

BMI,

Hb-level

6 to 59 months

HAZ,

WAZ,

Hb-level

Chi-square, correlation, and linear regression

Yasmin, et al., (2019)

Indonesia

S

CS

2010

8599

Two-stage sampling

Prevalence,

Determinants

–

–

6 to 12 years

HAZ,

BAZ

Chi-square test, Multivariate logistic regression

Ferreira, (2020)

Brazil

S

CS

1992 and 2015

1229 and 987

Multistage Probability sampling

Types,

Determinants, Trend

–

–

0 to 59 months

HAZ,

WAZ,

WHZ,

Chi-square test,

Benedict, et al., (2020)

Thailand

S

CS

2015 to 2016

12,313

Multistage stratified cluster sampling

Prevalence, Determinants

–

–

0 to 59 months

HAZ, WHZ,

BAZ

Chi-square test, Multiple Poisson regression

Global Nutrition Report (2021)

Global

S

DDB

Nil

Nil

Nil

Prevalence

Adolescent and Adult

BMI,

Hb-test,

BP,

DM-test,

Na-intake

0 to 59 months

HAZ,

WHZ

Descriptive

Farah, et al., (2021)

Ethiopia

S

CS

2015

8714

Multistage stratified cluster sampling

Prevalence, Determinants

–

–

0 to 59 months

HAZ,

BAZ

Hierarchical logistic regression

Zhang, et al., (2021)

China

P

CS

2016

110,491

Multistage stratified cluster sampling

Prevalenc

–

–

1 to 83 months

HAZ

WAZ

BAZ

Chi-square, one sampled Wilcoxon-sign ranked test, Multivariate logistic regression

Roba, et al., (2021)

Ethiopia

S

CS

2019

1200

Simple random sampling

Prevalence,

Determinants

ND

BMI

0 to 59 months

HAZ,

WAZ,

WHZ,

MUAC

Multivariate binary logistic regression

Khaliq, et al., (2021)

Pakistan

S

CS

2012–2013, 2017–2018

6168

Multistage stratified cluster sampling

Prevalence,

Trends,

Determinants

–

–

0 to 59 months

HAZ,

WAZ,

WHZ

Multivariate logistic regression

  1. BAZ BMI for age Z-score, BMI Body Mass Index, BMI* Body Mass Index for age percentile, BP-test Blood pressure measurement, CS Cross-sectional, DDB Different Databases, DM –test Diabetes testing, HC Head Circumference, HAZ Height for Age Z-score, Hb-test Haemoglobin test for anaemia, LS Longitudinal study, ME Modelled Estimates, MN-testing Micronutrient testing, MUAC Measuring Upper Arm Circumference, Na-intake Sodium intake, ND Not defined, Nil No information obtained from the review article, P Primary data source, S Secondary data source, WAZ Weight for Age Z-score, WHZ Weight for Height Z-score, ¥ The GNR reports reported prevalence of coexisting forms of malnutrition, but due to yearly reporting it was considered as a trend