Table 2 Hazard ratios of mortality by optimism over 10 years of follow-up
Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | p value | |
Optimism | ||||||
Less optimistic | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Optimistic | 0.93 (0.89, 0.98) | 0.008 | 0.94 (0.89 − 0.99) | 0.014 | ||
Health behaviors | 0.95 (0.94 − 0.96) | < 0.001 | ||||
Age (years) | 1.06 (1.05 − 1.06) | < 0.001 | 1.06 (1.05 − 1.06) | < 0.001 | 1.06 (1.05 − 1.06) | < 0.001 |
Gender | ||||||
Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Male | 1.51 (1.43 − 1.60) | < 0.001 | 1.52 (1.43 − 1.61) | < 0.001 | 1.52 (1.44 − 1.61) | < 0.001 |
Education level | ||||||
No formal education (illiterate) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Primary school | 0.95 (0.89 − 1.02) | 0.136 | 0.95 (0.89 − 1.02) | 0.136 | 0.96 (0.90 − 1.03) | 0.275 |
Junior high school | 0.87 (0.79 − 0.96) | 0.008 | 0.87 (0.79 − 0.97) | 0.009 | 0.89 (0.80 − 0.98) | 0.023 |
Senior high school | 0.81 (0.70 − 0.94) | 0.006 | 0.81 (0.70 − 0.94) | 0.007 | 0.83 (0.72 − 0.97) | 0.020 |
College or university graduate | 0.73 (0.61 − 0.88) | < 0.001 | 0.73 (0.61 − 0.88) | < 0.001 | 0.76 (0.63 − 0.91) | 0.002 |
Marital status | ||||||
Single/divorced/wid wed | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Married | 0.85 (0.79 − 0.91) | < 0.001 | 0.85 (0.79 − 0.91) | < 0.001 | 0.85 (0.80 − 0.91) | < 0.001 |
Residence | ||||||
Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Town | 0.77 (0.73 − 0.81) | < 0.001 | 0.77 (0.73 − 0.82) | < 0.001 | 0.78 (0.74 − 0.82) | < 0.001 |
Co-residence with family members | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 1.09 (1.02 − 1.17) | 0.011 | 1.10 (1.03 − 1.18) | 0.006 | 1.10 (1.03 − 1.18) | 0.004 |
Medical insurance | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 0.37 (0.35 − 0.39) | < 0.001 | 0.37 (0.35 − 0.39) | < 0.001 | 0.37 (0.35 − 0.39) | < 0.001 |
Pension insurance | ||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 0.86 (0.79 − 0.93) | < 0.001 | 0.87 (0.80 − 0.94) | < 0.001 | 0.90 (0.83 − 0.98) | 0.010 |
ADL | 0.96 (0.95 − 0.98) | < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.95 − 0.98) | < 0.001 | 0.97 (0.96 − 0.99) | < 0.001 |
Chronic diseases | 1.03 (1.01 − 1.06) | 0.021 | 1.03 (1.00 − 1.06) | 0.032 | 1.03 (1.01 − 1.06) | 0.015 |
Decision-making power in the family | 0.98 (0.96 − 1.00) | 0.040 | 0.98 (0.96 − 1.00) | 0.116 | 0.99 (0.97 − 1.01) | 0.397 |
Family economic status | 0.98 (0.94 − 1.02) | 0.347 | 0.99 (0.96 − 1.03) | 0.765 | 1.00 (0.96 − 1.04) | 0.835 |
Number of children | 1.03 (1.02 − 1.04) | < 0.001 | 1.03 (1.02 − 1.04) | < 0.001 | 1.03 (1.02 − 1.04) | < 0.001 |