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Table 2 Main and sub-categories obtained from qualitative data analysis

From: Identifying the non-governmental organizations' activities and challenges in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran

Main categories

Sub-categories

The need for NGO participation in the fight against pandemics

The potential to face the crisis

Alleviating the governments' burden

Ability to gain public trust

Awareness of community needs

COVID-19 crisis response in the community

Identification of those in need

Provision of livelihood facilities

Income generation and job creation

Providing services in the field of health and disease prevention

Build trust for vaccination

Screening and care for families with affected or missing members

Provision of psychological services

Raising awareness and provision of training services

Establishment of dynamic interaction and close collaboration with other institutions

Hospital and clinical staff support

Demanding and advocacy

Change of routine services provision methods

Challenges of service provision to the target population in COVID-19 crisis

The unpredictable nature of the crisis and lack of preparedness to fight it

Increasing vulnerability and need of the society

Disruption in the provision of routine services in person

Threat to the health and wellbeing of NGOs staff

Ceasing to support from Charities

The unfavorable technology infrastructure of the country

Inefficiency in financial resource management

NGO challenges in interactions with government

The negative attitude of the parties to each other

Irrational expectations of the NGOs from the government

Non-recognition of the freedom of action of the NGOs

Unawareness of the parties of each other's roles, plans, and capacities

Shortcomings in the formulation and implementation of laws

Disorders in current administrative processes

Lack of support from the governing administrations

NGO information sources in COVID-19 crisis

Ministry of Health and related organizations

Municipality

Social Welfare Organization

Peers

National media

National Networks and Committees

NGO support strategies in the pandemic efforts

Updated dissemination of information

Planning and leading efforts

Recognition of the rights, status, and role of the NGOs

Technical and educational support

Physical, human, and financial support

Promotion of a culture of social participation

Facilitation of the NGO participation process in decision making