Table 1 The literature on the determinants of a person’s COVID-19 disease prevention behavior
| Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Effects of independent variables | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Authors | Theory | Country | Sample size | Dependent variable | Effects of vulnerability | Effects of attitudes toward disease prevention | Effects of social orientation |
2020 | Alzoubi et al. | - | Jordan | 592 students | Disease prevention behavior | Education type (medical vs. non-medical colleges) (n.s.) | - | - |
2020 | Bashirian et al. | Protection motivation theory | Iran | 761 | Disease prevention behavior | Threat appraisal (susceptibility + severity) (+) | Coping appraisal (feasibility + benefits - costs of prevention behavior) (+) | - |
2020 | Chang et al. | - | Taiwan | 414 patients | Disease prevention behavior | Fear of disease (-), psychological distress (n.s.), self-stigma (n.s.) | Trust in information about disease prevention (+) | - |
2020 | Chen et al. | - | China | 8569 students | Hand-washing / mask-wearing | Local spread of disease (+/+), female gender (+/n.s.), education (+/+), parents' education (-/+), out-going history (+/not tested) | - | - |
2020 | Chen and Chen | Theory of reasoned action | China | 1591 | Disease prevention behavior | Rural residence (n.s.) | Perceived benefits of disease prevention behavior (+), information appraisal (+) | Subjective norms (+) |
2020 | Everett et al. (no peer review) | - | U.S. | 1032 | Disease prevention intentions | Age (+), female gender (+), white ethnicity (-), education (-), income (n.s.), employment (n.s.) | - | Political conservatism (-), religiosity (+) |
2020 | Harper et al. | Moral foundations theory | U.K. | 324 | Increase in disease prevention behavior | Fear (+), depression (-), anxiety (n.s.), perceived risk (+) | - | Political orientation (n.s.), moral standards (n.s.) |
2020 | Lee and You | Risk perception attitude framework | South Korea | 973 | Disease prevention behaviors | Age (+), female gender (+), education (+), income (+), city residence (-), presence of children (+), subjective health (+), perceived susceptibility (n.s.), perceived severity (+), social support (+) | Perceived benefits of disease prevention behavior (+) | - |
2020a | Li et al. | Cognitive appraisal theory | China | 4607 | Disease prevention behavior | Age (-), female gender (+), education (+), psychological problems (n.s.), chronic disease (+), health condition (+), sick relatives (n.s.), knowledge (+), perceived severity (+) | Perceived controllability (+) | - |
2020b | Li et al. | - | U.S. | 979 | Disease prevention behavior | Age (+), female gender (+), white ethnicity (-), marriage (+/-), income (+), education (-), employment (-), knowledge (+), susceptability (+) | - | - |
2020 | Min et al. | Â | China | 3000 | Disease prevention behaviors | Age (n.s.), female gender (n.s.), education (n.s.), marital status (+), city residence (n.s.), income (+), knowledge (+), negative emotion (n.s.) | Trust in public institutions (+) | Â |
2020 | Kwok et al. | Health belief model | Hong Kong (China) | 1715 | Social distancing | Age (n.s.), female gender (+), disease knowledge (+), visits to China (+), residence near border to China (+), chronic diseases (n.s.), anxiety (+) | - | - |
2020 | Oosterhoff et al. | - | U.S. | 683 adolescents | Social distancing | Age (n.s.), female gender (n.s.), white / hispanic ethnicity (-), financial strain (n.s.), parents' education (+), lockdown (+), parents' rules (+) | Importance of self-protection (n.s.), perceived lack of alternatives (+), preference to stay home (n.s.) | Social pressure (n.s.), social responsibility (+), importance of protecting others (n.s.) |
2020 | Pfattheicher et al. | Prosocial behavior | U.S., U.K., Germany | 3718 | Social distancing / Mask-wearing | - | - | Empathy (+) |
2020 | Prasetyo et al. | Protection motivation theory | Philippines | 649 | Disease prevention behavior | Understanding of disease (+), perceived severity (+), perceived vulnerability (-), anxiety (+) | Perceived behavioral control (+) | Subjective norm (+) |
2020 | Shahnazi et al. | Health belief model | Iran | 750 | Disease prevention behavior | Age (n.s.), female gender (+), rural residence (+), barriers (-), susceptibility (n.s.), severity (n.s.), self-efficacy (+), disease syndromes (n.s.) | Perceived benefits of disease prevention behavior (+), fatalistic beliefs (-) | - |
2020 | Taghrir et al. | - | Iran | 240 students | Disease prevention behavior | Disease knowledge (n.s.), perceived risk (-) | - | - |
2020 | Yıldırım et al. | - | Turkey | 3190 | Disease prevention behavior | Age (n.s.), female gender (+), severity (+), self-efficacy (+), knowledge (n.s.), mental health (+) | - | - |
2021 | Bronfman et al. | - | Chile | 1004 | Disease prevention behavior | Female gender (+), family size (-), income (-) | Trust in government (+) | - |
2021 | Ezati-Rad et al. | Protection motivation theory | Iran | 2032 | Disease prevention behavior | Threat apraisal (+), fear of disease (+) | Motivation (+), coping appraisal (+), maladaptive behavior rewards (-), perceived costs (-) | - |
2021 | Firouzbakht et al. | - | Iran | 2097 | Disease prevention behavior | Female gender (+), age (+), education (+), income (+) | Attitude toward face mask and gloves use (+) | - |
2021 | Guo et al. | E-health literacy | Hong Kong (China) | 1501 | eHealth literacy score | Older age (-), female gender (n.s.), marital status (n.s.), education (+), high income (+), employment (n.s.), chronic disease (n.s.) | - | - |
2021 | Hosen et al. | Â | Bangladesh | 10067 | Disease prevention behavior | Age (n.s.), female gender (+), employment (+), divorced/widowed (-), rural residence (-), education (-), knowledge (+), alcohol consumption (-), smoking (-) | - | - |
2021 | Šuriņa et al. | Protection motivation theory | Latvia | 2606 | Disease prevention behavior | Fear of disease (+), threat appraisal (+) | Conspiracy beliefs (n.s.), trust in information sources (+) | - |
2021 | Yıldırım et al. | - | Turkey | 4536 | Disease prevention behavior | Age (+), female gender (+), education (+), vulnerability (+), perceived risk (+), fear (+) | - | - |
2022 | This article | Health belief model, collective resilience theory | Bolivia | 1231 | Disease prevention behavior | Age (+), female gender (+), education (n.s.), climate (n.s.), income-oriented work (n.s.), population density (n.s.), chronic health problems (U-shaped effect), depression (-), worries (+) | Attitude toward social distancing (+), attitude toward lockdown (+), attitude toward lockdown enforcement (+), trust in public institutions (+) | Individualism (+), collectivism (+) |