Skip to main content

Table 3 Results of binary logistic odds ratio of moderating stunting, wasting and underweight among children age 0–59 month in Pakistan

From: Prevalence and determinants of nutritional status among women and children in Pakistan

Characteristics

Severe stunt

Moderate stunt

Severe waste

Moderate waste

Severe under weight

Moderate under weight

Wealth quintile

      

  Poorest®

      

  Poorer

0.50***(0.40, 0.64)

0.56***(0.45, 0.69)

1.48(0.86, 2.57)

1.20(0.84, 1.72)

0.55***(0.4, 0.76)

0.58***(0.46, 0.73)

  Middle

0.40***(0.29, 0.55)

0.48***(0.37, 0.62)

0.50*(0.23, 1.07)

0.66*(0.42, 1.05)

0.25***(0.16, 0.4)

0.41***(0.31, 0.55)

  Richer

0.38***(0.27, 0.55)

0.40***(0.30, 0.54)

0.51(0.22, 1.2)

0.73(0.43, 1.22)

0.27***(0.16, 0.46)

0.41***(0.30, 0.58)

  Richest

0.24***(0.15, 0.38)

0.28***(0.20, 0.39)

0.46(0.17, 1.21)

0.39***(0.21, 0.73)

0.12***(0.06, 0.25)

0.21***(0.14, 0.32)

Age of mothers

      

  15–19®

      

  20–24

1.58*(0.93, 2.68)

1.24(0.82, 1.87)

1.01(0.38, 2.71)

1.15(0.57, 2.33)

1.09(0.57, 2.06)

0.89(0.57, 1.38)

  25–29

1.47(0.87, 2.48)

1.42*(0.95, 2.13)

0.64(0.24, 1.7)

1.10(0.55, 2.21)

0.91(0.48, 1.71)

1.02(0.66, 1.57)

  30–34

1.47(0.86, 2.50)

1.30(0.86, 1.96)

0.71(0.26, 1.93)

1.17(0.58, 2.37)

0.90(0.47, 1.72)

1.07(0.69, 1.67)

  35–39

1.39(0.80, 2.40)

1.20(0.78, 1.84)

0.50(0.17, 1.46)

0.96(0.46, 2)

0.86(0.44, 1.69)

0.94(0.59, 1.49)

  40–44

1.78*(0.95, 3.32)

1.40(0.85, 2.32)

0.90(0.28, 2.92)

1.32(0.57, 3.02)

0.87(0.39, 1.95)

1.33(0.78, 2.28)

  45–49

1.24(0.56, 2.76)

0.73(0.37, 1.44)

0.27(0.03, 2.48)

0.55(0.14, 2.11)

0.40(0.12, 1.32)

0.93(0.46, 1.89)

Place of residence

      

  Urban®

      

  Rural

0.94(0.76, 1.15)

0.88(0.75, 1.04)

0.58**(0.38, 0.89)

0.66***(0.5, 0.87)

0.65***(0.49, 0.87)

0.80**(0.66, 0.96)

 Sex of household Head

      

  Male®

      

  Female

0.88(0.66, 1.16)

0.92(0.74, 1.14)

0.67(0.32, 1.40)

0.56**(0.35, 0.89)

0.50***(0.31, 0.81)

0.71**(0.54, 0.92)

Source of drinking

      

water

  Piped water®

      

  Tube well/borewell

0.97(0.79, 1.20)

0.93(0.79, 1.09)

0.93(0.58, 1.48)

0.82(0.61, 1.09)

1.10(0.82, 1.47)

0.91(0.76, 1.10)

  Protected well

1.31(0.87, 1.99)

1.23(0.86, 1.76)

3.06***(1.54, 6.07)

2.59***(1.60, 4.19)

1.26(0.70, 2.29)

1.33(0.9, 1.96)

  Unprotected well

1.23(0.74, 2.03)

1.42(0.88, 2.31)

2.97**(1.20, 7.36)

1.85*(0.96, 3.59)

2.24***(1.28, 3.91)

1.66**(1.04, 2.66)

  River/dam/springs

0.89(0.66, 1.21)

0.75**(0.58, 0.96)

1.04(0.51, 2.08)

1.24(0.82, 1.90)

0.73(0.46, 1.14)

0.77*(0.57, 1.02)

  Others

1.44**(1.02, 2.04)

1.08(0.82, 1.43)

1.87*(0.97, 3.58)

1.52*(0.98, 2.36)

2.01***(1.28, 3.16)

1.34*(0.98, 1.84)

Type of fuel used for

      

cooking

  Clean®

      

  Wood

0.98(0.76, 1.27)

0.88(0.72, 1.07)

1.02(0.59, 1.75)

0.86(0.61, 1.21)

0.92(0.64, 1.33)

0.85(0.67, 1.07)

  Crop residual

0.81(0.47, 1.39)

0.96(0.6, 1.54)

1.01***(0, 0)

0.64(0.26, 1.59)

0.35**(0.15, 0.84)

0.66(0.39, 1.11)

  Animal dung

1.43(0.85, 2.39)

1.03(0.63, 1.66)

1.28(0.40, 4.10)

1.74(0.88, 3.47)

1.30(0.69, 2.45)

1.93***(1.18, 3.15)

  Others

0.88(0.56, 1.40)

0.84(0.57, 1.23)

3.23***(1.36, 7.67)

1.85**(1.02, 3.35)

1.07(0.56, 2.04)

1.03(0.68, 1.57)

Type of toilet Facilities

      

Flush toilet®

      

  Pit latrine

1.48**(1.08, 2.02)

1.29*(0.97, 1.73)

0.91(0.44, 1.87)

0.82(0.51, 1.34)

1.17(0.78, 1.77)

1.33*(0.99, 1.80)

  Open

1.14(0.86, 1.5)

1.09(0.85, 1.41)

0.83(0.43, 1.61)

1.01(0.66, 1.51)

1.41*(0.99, 1.99)

1.10(0.85, 1.44)

  Other

1.56**(1.07, 2.27)

1.74***(1.24, 2.46)

0.14***(0.04, 0.49)

0.37***(0.19, 0.73)

0.51**(0.27, 0.97)

0.88(0.60, 1.28)

Current marital status

      

  Never in union®

      

  Ever married

0.92(0.40, 2.14)

0.75(0.39, 1.45)

0.83(0.11, 6.23)

1.23(0.43, 3.53)

0.94(0.28, 3.20)

0.89(0.42, 1.90)

  Educational attainment

      

  No education®

      

  Primary

0.68***(0.52, 0.88)

0.77**(0.63, 0.95)

0.81(0.46, 1.42)

0.60**(0.41, 0.90)

0.64**(0.43, 0.95)

0.77**(0.61, 0.98)

  Secondary

0.51***(0.39, 0.67)

0.64***(0.52, 0.78)

0.54*(0.29, 1.00)

0.74*(0.52, 1.05)

0.61**(0.40, 0.91)

0.62***(0.49, 0.79)

  Higher

0.37***(0.25, 0.55)

0.40***(0.31, 0.52)

0.63(0.29, 1.37)

0.68(0.43, 1.08)

0.55**(0.31, 0.98)

0.40***(0.28, 0.56)

BMI of Mothers

      

  Underweight

      

  Normal

0.97(0.73, 1.28)

1.03(0.81, 1.32)

1.50(0.70, 3.21)

0.98(0.66, 1.45)

0.71**(0.51, 0.99)

0.69***(0.54, 0.89)

  Overweight

0.95(0.69, 1.29)

0.88(0.67, 1.14)

1.54(0.69, 3.44)

0.76(0.49, 1.18)

0.62**(0.42, 0.92)

0.58***(0.44, 0.77)

  Obese

0.64**(0.45, 0.92)

0.70**(0.53, 0.94)

1.92(0.82, 4.48)

0.69(0.42, 1.13)

0.38***(0.23, 0.62)

0.40***(0.29, 0.55)

  1. CI-95%, Significance ***p < .001., ** p < 0.01, *p < 0.05