From: Prevalence and determinants of nutritional status among women and children in Pakistan
Characteristics | Severe stunt | Moderate stunt | Severe waste | Moderate waste | Severe under weight | Moderate under weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wealth quintile | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Poorest® |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Poorer | 0.50***(0.40, 0.64) | 0.56***(0.45, 0.69) | 1.48(0.86, 2.57) | 1.20(0.84, 1.72) | 0.55***(0.4, 0.76) | 0.58***(0.46, 0.73) |
  Middle | 0.40***(0.29, 0.55) | 0.48***(0.37, 0.62) | 0.50*(0.23, 1.07) | 0.66*(0.42, 1.05) | 0.25***(0.16, 0.4) | 0.41***(0.31, 0.55) |
  Richer | 0.38***(0.27, 0.55) | 0.40***(0.30, 0.54) | 0.51(0.22, 1.2) | 0.73(0.43, 1.22) | 0.27***(0.16, 0.46) | 0.41***(0.30, 0.58) |
  Richest | 0.24***(0.15, 0.38) | 0.28***(0.20, 0.39) | 0.46(0.17, 1.21) | 0.39***(0.21, 0.73) | 0.12***(0.06, 0.25) | 0.21***(0.14, 0.32) |
Age of mothers | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  15–19® |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  20–24 | 1.58*(0.93, 2.68) | 1.24(0.82, 1.87) | 1.01(0.38, 2.71) | 1.15(0.57, 2.33) | 1.09(0.57, 2.06) | 0.89(0.57, 1.38) |
  25–29 | 1.47(0.87, 2.48) | 1.42*(0.95, 2.13) | 0.64(0.24, 1.7) | 1.10(0.55, 2.21) | 0.91(0.48, 1.71) | 1.02(0.66, 1.57) |
  30–34 | 1.47(0.86, 2.50) | 1.30(0.86, 1.96) | 0.71(0.26, 1.93) | 1.17(0.58, 2.37) | 0.90(0.47, 1.72) | 1.07(0.69, 1.67) |
  35–39 | 1.39(0.80, 2.40) | 1.20(0.78, 1.84) | 0.50(0.17, 1.46) | 0.96(0.46, 2) | 0.86(0.44, 1.69) | 0.94(0.59, 1.49) |
  40–44 | 1.78*(0.95, 3.32) | 1.40(0.85, 2.32) | 0.90(0.28, 2.92) | 1.32(0.57, 3.02) | 0.87(0.39, 1.95) | 1.33(0.78, 2.28) |
  45–49 | 1.24(0.56, 2.76) | 0.73(0.37, 1.44) | 0.27(0.03, 2.48) | 0.55(0.14, 2.11) | 0.40(0.12, 1.32) | 0.93(0.46, 1.89) |
Place of residence | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Urban® |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Rural | 0.94(0.76, 1.15) | 0.88(0.75, 1.04) | 0.58**(0.38, 0.89) | 0.66***(0.5, 0.87) | 0.65***(0.49, 0.87) | 0.80**(0.66, 0.96) |
 Sex of household Head |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Male® |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Female | 0.88(0.66, 1.16) | 0.92(0.74, 1.14) | 0.67(0.32, 1.40) | 0.56**(0.35, 0.89) | 0.50***(0.31, 0.81) | 0.71**(0.54, 0.92) |
Source of drinking | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
water | ||||||
  Piped water® |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Tube well/borewell | 0.97(0.79, 1.20) | 0.93(0.79, 1.09) | 0.93(0.58, 1.48) | 0.82(0.61, 1.09) | 1.10(0.82, 1.47) | 0.91(0.76, 1.10) |
  Protected well | 1.31(0.87, 1.99) | 1.23(0.86, 1.76) | 3.06***(1.54, 6.07) | 2.59***(1.60, 4.19) | 1.26(0.70, 2.29) | 1.33(0.9, 1.96) |
  Unprotected well | 1.23(0.74, 2.03) | 1.42(0.88, 2.31) | 2.97**(1.20, 7.36) | 1.85*(0.96, 3.59) | 2.24***(1.28, 3.91) | 1.66**(1.04, 2.66) |
  River/dam/springs | 0.89(0.66, 1.21) | 0.75**(0.58, 0.96) | 1.04(0.51, 2.08) | 1.24(0.82, 1.90) | 0.73(0.46, 1.14) | 0.77*(0.57, 1.02) |
  Others | 1.44**(1.02, 2.04) | 1.08(0.82, 1.43) | 1.87*(0.97, 3.58) | 1.52*(0.98, 2.36) | 2.01***(1.28, 3.16) | 1.34*(0.98, 1.84) |
Type of fuel used for | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
cooking | ||||||
  Clean® |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Wood | 0.98(0.76, 1.27) | 0.88(0.72, 1.07) | 1.02(0.59, 1.75) | 0.86(0.61, 1.21) | 0.92(0.64, 1.33) | 0.85(0.67, 1.07) |
  Crop residual | 0.81(0.47, 1.39) | 0.96(0.6, 1.54) | 1.01***(0, 0) | 0.64(0.26, 1.59) | 0.35**(0.15, 0.84) | 0.66(0.39, 1.11) |
  Animal dung | 1.43(0.85, 2.39) | 1.03(0.63, 1.66) | 1.28(0.40, 4.10) | 1.74(0.88, 3.47) | 1.30(0.69, 2.45) | 1.93***(1.18, 3.15) |
  Others | 0.88(0.56, 1.40) | 0.84(0.57, 1.23) | 3.23***(1.36, 7.67) | 1.85**(1.02, 3.35) | 1.07(0.56, 2.04) | 1.03(0.68, 1.57) |
Type of toilet Facilities | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Flush toilet® |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Pit latrine | 1.48**(1.08, 2.02) | 1.29*(0.97, 1.73) | 0.91(0.44, 1.87) | 0.82(0.51, 1.34) | 1.17(0.78, 1.77) | 1.33*(0.99, 1.80) |
  Open | 1.14(0.86, 1.5) | 1.09(0.85, 1.41) | 0.83(0.43, 1.61) | 1.01(0.66, 1.51) | 1.41*(0.99, 1.99) | 1.10(0.85, 1.44) |
  Other | 1.56**(1.07, 2.27) | 1.74***(1.24, 2.46) | 0.14***(0.04, 0.49) | 0.37***(0.19, 0.73) | 0.51**(0.27, 0.97) | 0.88(0.60, 1.28) |
Current marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Never in union® |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Ever married | 0.92(0.40, 2.14) | 0.75(0.39, 1.45) | 0.83(0.11, 6.23) | 1.23(0.43, 3.53) | 0.94(0.28, 3.20) | 0.89(0.42, 1.90) |
  Educational attainment |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  No education® |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Primary | 0.68***(0.52, 0.88) | 0.77**(0.63, 0.95) | 0.81(0.46, 1.42) | 0.60**(0.41, 0.90) | 0.64**(0.43, 0.95) | 0.77**(0.61, 0.98) |
  Secondary | 0.51***(0.39, 0.67) | 0.64***(0.52, 0.78) | 0.54*(0.29, 1.00) | 0.74*(0.52, 1.05) | 0.61**(0.40, 0.91) | 0.62***(0.49, 0.79) |
  Higher | 0.37***(0.25, 0.55) | 0.40***(0.31, 0.52) | 0.63(0.29, 1.37) | 0.68(0.43, 1.08) | 0.55**(0.31, 0.98) | 0.40***(0.28, 0.56) |
BMI of Mothers | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Underweight |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Normal | 0.97(0.73, 1.28) | 1.03(0.81, 1.32) | 1.50(0.70, 3.21) | 0.98(0.66, 1.45) | 0.71**(0.51, 0.99) | 0.69***(0.54, 0.89) |
  Overweight | 0.95(0.69, 1.29) | 0.88(0.67, 1.14) | 1.54(0.69, 3.44) | 0.76(0.49, 1.18) | 0.62**(0.42, 0.92) | 0.58***(0.44, 0.77) |
  Obese | 0.64**(0.45, 0.92) | 0.70**(0.53, 0.94) | 1.92(0.82, 4.48) | 0.69(0.42, 1.13) | 0.38***(0.23, 0.62) | 0.40***(0.29, 0.55) |