Table 2 Mixed effect analysis of determinants of ANC among young women in sub-Saharan Africa

Fixed effects

Year of survey

 2010

1 [1.00, 1.00]

1 [1.00, 1.00]

 2011

1.82^*** [1.54, 2.17]

2.02^*** [1.69, 2.40]

 2012

1.90^*** [1.60, 2.25]

2.96^*** [2.42, 3.63]

 2013

4.26^*** [3.48, 5.20]

4.30^*** [3.49, 5.29]

 2014

1.31^*** [1.13, 1.52]

2.01^*** [1.69, 2.39]

 2015

1.70^*** [1.44, 2.01]

3.31^*** [2.71, 4.14]

 2016

1.08 [0.93, 1.24]

2.08^*** [1.71, 2.52]

 2017

1.51^*** [1.25, 1.82]

2.87^*** [2.27, 3.64]

 2018

1.41^*** [1.23, 1.61]

1.48^*** [1.29, 1.70]

 2019

3.15^*** [2.68, 3.71]

5.13^*** [4.29, 6.12]

Maternal age

 15–19

1 [1.00, 1.00]

1 [1.00, 1.00]

 20–24

1.25^*** [1.16, 1.33]

1.19^*** [1.11, 1.28]

Maternal educational level

 No education

1 [1.00, 1.00]

1 [1.00, 1.00]

 Primary

1.43^*** [1.33, 1.55]

1.43^*** [1.33, 1.55]

 Secondary

2.01^*** [1.84, 2.19]

1.81^*** [1.66, 1.98]

 Higher

2.31^*** [1.69, 3.17]

1.90^*** [1.38, 2.61]

Marital status

 Married

1 [1.00, 1.00]

1 [1.00, 1.00]

 Cohabiting

1.16^*** [1.07, 1.26]

1.13^** [1.05, 1.23]

Maternal current working status

 Not working

1 [1.00, 1.00]

1 [1.00, 1.00]

 Working

1.14^*** [1.08, 1.21]

1.16^*** [1.10, 1.23]

Partner’s age

 15–24

1 [1.00, 1.00]

1 [1.00, 1.00]

 25–34

1.06 [0.99,1.14]

1.03 [0.96,1.11]

 35–44

1.15^** [1.05, 1.27]

1.09 [0.99, 1.20]

 45 + 

1.21^** [1.06, 1.39]

1.15^* [1.00, 1.31]

Partner educational level

 No education

1 [1.00, 1.00]

1 [1.00, 1.00]

 Primary

1.34^*** [1.24, 1.45]

1.35^*** [1.25, 1.46]

 Secondary

1.57^*** [1.44, 1.71]

1.49^*** [1.37, 1.63]

 Higher

2.12^*** [1.83, 2.46]

1.90^*** [1.63, 2.22]

Religion

 Christianity

1 [1.00, 1.00]

1 [1.00, 1.00]

 Islamic

0.96 [0.89, 1.04]

0.84^*** [0.77, 0.92]

 African Traditional

0.76^* [0.61, 0.95]

0.68^*** [0.54, 0.85]

 No religion

0.79^** [0.67, 0.95]

0.70^*** [0.58, 0.84]

 Others

0.68 [0.45,1.04]

0.69 [0.45, 1.06]

Parity

 1

1 [1.00, 1.00]

1 [1.00, 1.00]

 2

0.76^*** [0.71, 0.80]

0.78^*** [0.73, 0.83]

 3

0.68^*** [0.63, 0.74]

0.72^*** [0.67, 0.78]

 4 or more

0.64^*** [0.57, 0.71]

0.69^*** [0.62, 0.78]

Ownership of health insurance

 No

1 [1.00, 1.00]

1 [1.00, 1.00]

 Yes

1.56^*** [1.33, 1.84]

1.47^*** [1.25, 1.73]

Mass media exposure

 No

1 [1.00, 1.00]

1 [1.00, 1.00]

 Yes

1.44^*** [1.36, 1.52]

1.28^*** [1.21, 1.36]

Person who usually decides on respondent’s healthcare

 Respondent alone

1 [1.00, 1.00]

1 [1.00, 1.00]

 Respondent and partner

0.98 [0.89, 1.08]

0.97 [0.88, 1.08]

 Partner alone

0.92 [0.84, 1.02]

0.92 [0.84, 1.02]

 Someone else or other

0.85 [0.65, 1.10]

0.86 [0.66, 1.12]

Person who usually decides on large household purchases

 Respondent alone

1 [1.00, 1.00]

1 [1.00, 1.00]

 Respondent and partner

1.06 [0.95, 1.19]

1.07 [0.96, 1.20]

 Partner alone

1.04 [0.94, 1.16]

1.05 [0.95, 1.17]

 Someone else or other

1.12 [0.91, 1.40]

1.08 [0.87, 1.35]

Person who usually decides on visits to family or relatives

 Respondent alone

1 [1.00, 1.00]

1 [1.00, 1.00]

 Respondent and partner

0.97 [0.89, 1.06]

0.97 [0.89, 1.06]

 Partner alone

0.89^* [0.81, 0.97]

0.90^* [0.82, 0.99]

 Someone else or other

0.79^* [0.63, 0.99]

0.79^* [0.62, 0.99]

Barrier to healthcare

 No

1 [1.00, 1.00]

1 [1.00, 1.00]

 Yes

0.77^*** [0.72,0.81]

0.82^*** [0.77, 0.87]

Wealth index

 Poorest

1 [1.00, 1.00]

1 [1.00, 1.00]

 Poorer

1.32^*** [1.23, 1.42]

1.20^*** [1.12, 1.29]

 Middle

1.52^*** [1.40, 1.64]

1.27^*** [1.17, 1.38]

 Richer

1.81^*** [1.66, 1.98]

1.42^*** [1.30, 1.56]

 Richest

2.28^*** [2.03, 2.56]

1.64^*** [1.45, 1.86]

Sex of household head

 Male

1 [1.00, 1.00]

1 [1.00, 1.00]

 Female

1.23^*** [1.14, 1.32]

1.10^* [1.02, 1.18]

Residence

 Urban

1 [1.00, 1.00]

1 [1.00, 1.00]

 Rural

0.55^*** [0.51, 0.60]

0.77^*** [0.71,0.84]

Subregions

 Southern

1 [1.00, 1.00]

1 [1.00, 1.00]

 Central

0.40^*** [0.33, 0.49]

0.47^*** [0.37, 0.59]

 Eastern

0.42^*** [0.35, 0.51]

0.48^*** [0.39, 0.60]

 Western

0.36^*** [0.30, 0.43]

0.94 [0.75, 1.18]

Random effect

 PSU variance (95% CI)

0.136 [0.108 – 0.172]

0.086 [0.068 – 0.109]

0.105 [0.083 – 0.131]

0.088 [0.069 – 0.111]

 ICC

0.039809

0.0254319

0.0308296

0.026065

 Wald chi-square

Reference

2499.16***

918.37***

2878.27***

Model fitness

 Log-likelihood

-29,399.808

-26,819.808

-28,261.064

-26,509.159

 AIC

58,803.62

53,723.62

56,544.13

53,120.32

 N

43,786

43,786

43,786

43,786

 Number of clusters

1,478

1,478

1,478

1,478