Table 1 Descriptive information of the full sample and compared samples

Socio-demographic

  Mean age (SD)

70.63 (4.81)

70.73 (5.09)

70.34 (4.68)

72.09 (6.85)

70.48 (4.54)

***

  Male

74.42%

100%

0%

N/A

67.80%

75.06%

*

  Married

82.37%

85.18%

74.19%

***

81.36%

82.47%

  Having children & living together

59.49%

27.42%

28.45%

33.05%

27.16%

  Company employee

6.68%

7.86%

3.23%

***

3.39%

7.00%

  Company manager/executive

2.48%

3.23%

0.29%

***

2.54%

2.47%

  Self employed

6.98%

8.27%

3.23%

***

4.24%

7.24%

  Part-time job

12.23%

12.10%

12.61%

7.63%

12.67%

  Housework

13.73%

0.81%

51.32%

***

16.95%

13.42%

  No employment

53.41%

62.90%

25.81%

***

61.02%

52.67%

*

  High income

14.78%

16.33%

10.26%

***

9.32%

15.31%

*

Car access

  Level 0: No cars in home

15.15%

11.79%

24.93%

***

22.03%

14.49%

**

  Level 1: Only shared cars, NOT having a driver’s license

3.30%

2.22%

6.45%

***

12.71%

2.39%

***

  Level 2: Only shared cars, HAVING a driver’s license

23.78%

22.28%

28.15%

**

22.88%

23.87%

  Level 3: Owning a car only

51.69%

56.05%

39.00%

***

38.98%

52.92%

***

  Level 4: Both owning a car and sharing cars

6.08%

7.66%

1.47%

***

3.39%

6.34%

Public transport used

  Bus

10.95%

10.48%

12.32%

9.32%

11.11%

  Railway

9.68%

10.58%

7.04%

*

5.08%

10.12%

*

Assistance in traveling

  Using supportive equipment

4.20%

4.44%

3.52%

45.76%

0.16%

***

  With someone's help

3.23%

2.42%

5.57%

***

33.05%

0.33%

***

Out-of-home activities (activity number and SD)

  Work

0.23 (0.54)

0.27 (0.53)

0.13 (0.38)

***

0.11 (0.33)

0.24 (0.47)

***

  Business

0.22 (0.85)

0.27 (0.89)

0.08 (0.46)

***

0.11 (0.61)

0.23 (0.7)

**

  Shopping

2.3 (1.97)

2.26 (1.81)

2.45 (1.93)

2.07 (2.32)

2.33 (1.82)

  Daily leisure

0.47 (1.06)

0.51 (0.75)

0.34 (0.76)

***

0.39 (0.64)

0.47 (0.77)

  Non-daily leisure

0.2 (0.79)

0.24 (0.59)

0.07 (0.32)

***

0.09 (0.26)

0.21 (0.48)

**

  Clinic/hospital

0.22 (0.56)

0.23 (0.48)

0.17 (0.51)

*

0.3 (0.79)

0.21 (0.45)

  Pickup

0.12 (0.46)

0.13 (0.59)

0.09 (0.37)

0.07 (0.57)

0.12 (0.47)

  Total

3.95 (2.93)

4.14 (2.45)

3.39 (2.31)

***

3.23 (3.07)

4.02 (2.3)

***

Life-space mobility indicators

  Composite life-space scores (SD)

77.41 (23.9)

78.8 (24.08)

73.35 (22.26)

***

39.09 (14.25)

81.13 (20.45)

***

  Restricted life-space = yes

8.85%

8.06%

11.14%

*

100%

0%

N/A

  Sample size

1,333

992

341

118

1215