Prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among refugees: a meta-analysis

BMC Public Health

Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria according to PICOS scheme (O'Connor et al., 2008)

Inclusion criteria
Population	refugees^a or asylum seekers^b, age 16 years and older
Intervention	not required
Comparison	not required
Outcome	detection of suicidal ideation and attempts in refugees and asylum seekers
Study type	empirical studies on the prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempt
Study design	cross-sectional or longitudinal studies on the prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts; written in English language; published until August 2020
Exclusion criteria
• Immigrants, living in the host country for a long time (first, second generation immigrants) • Studies focused on refugees or asylum seekers under the age of 16 years • Studies conducted in clinical populations

^a A refugee is an individual who is “owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable to, or owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country” (https://www.unhcr.org/protect/PROTECTION/3b66c2aa10.pdf)
^b An asylum-seeker is an individual who is seeking international protection. In countries with individualized procedures, an asylum-seeker is someone whose claim has not yet been finally decided on by the country in which he or she has submitted it. Not every asylum-seeker will ultimately be recognized as a refugee, but every refugee is initially an asylum-seeker.” (UNHCR, 2016)

ISSN: 1471-2458