Caregiver parenting practices, dietary diversity knowledge, and association with early childhood development outcomes among children aged 18-29 months in Zanzibar, Tanzania: a cross-sectional survey

Russell, Allyson L.; Hentschel, Elizabeth; Fulcher, Isabel; Ravà, Matteo Santangelo; Abdulkarim, Gulam; Abdalla, Omar; Said, Samira; Khamis, Halima; Hedt-Gauthier, Bethany; Wilson, Kim

doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13009-y

Table 2 Participant characteristics and CREDI score, by domain

From: Caregiver parenting practices, dietary diversity knowledge, and association with early childhood development outcomes among children aged 18-29 months in Zanzibar, Tanzania: a cross-sectional survey

Variable	Overall Score Mean	SE	P-value	Motor score mean	SE	P-value	Cognitive score mean	SE	P-value	Linguistic score mean	SE	P-value	Social-Emotional score mean	SE	P-value
Primary caregiver age group			0.689			0.848			0.687			0.361			0.754
18–24	50.94	0.08		51.03	0.09		50.66	0.08		50.91	0.09		51.15	0.09
25–29	50.97	0.07		51.10	0.10		50.68	0.07		50.92	0.08		51.16	0.06
30–34	50.92	0.08		51.11	0.10		50.64	0.08		50.80	0.10		51.15	0.08
35+	50.86	0.06		51.04	0.08		50.57	0.06		50.75	0.08		51.08	0.06
Region			0.717			0.318			0.853			0.830			0.812
North Pemba	50.97	0.08		51.24	0.12		50.64	0.09		50.84	0.09		51.15	0.07
North Unguja	50.83	0.09		50.96	0.09		50.53	0.10		50.77	0.10		51.06	0.10
South Pemba	50.98	0.06		51.14	0.07		50.65	0.07		50.90	0.10		51.22	0.09
South Unguja	50.90	0.12		50.91	0.19		50.68	0.10		50.94	0.14		51.09	0.13
Urban West	50.90	0.05		51.05	0.06		50.64	0.05		50.81	0.07		51.12	0.05
National Wealth Index Quintile			0.006			0.009			0.038			0.028			0.005
Quintile 1 (Poorest)	51.18	0.07		51.41	0.10		50.83	0.11		51.11	0.08		51.39	0.08
Quintile 2	51.08	0.08		51.28	0.09		50.77	0.07		50.95	0.14		51.33	0.12
Quintile 3	50.92	0.09		51.08	0.12		50.61	0.10		50.90	0.10		51.08	0.09
Quintile 4	50.85	0.07		51.00	0.07		50.57	0.07		50.76	0.08		51.08	0.08
Quintile 5 (Wealthiest)	50.89	0.05		51.04	0.07		50.63	0.05		50.81	0.06		51.11	0.05
Distance from Home to Health Facility			0.844			0.165			0.459			0.585			0.149
< 2 km	50.90	0.08		51.23	0.12		50.58	0.07		50.78	0.10		51.02	0.08
2 km or more	50.92	0.04		51.04	0.05		50.64	0.04		50.84	0.05		51.15	0.04
Primary caregiver marital status			0.350			0.233			0.263			0.994			0.248
Single/Widowed/Divorced/Separated	50.80	0.13		50.90	0.16		50.50	0.13		50.83	0.15		50.98	0.14
Married/Living with Partner	50.93	0.03		51.09	0.04		50.64	0.03		50.83	0.04		51.14	0.03
Primary caregiver education completed			0.302			0.175			0.528			0.417			0.476
Primary School	50.99	0.08		51.20	0.10		50.68	0.08		50.92	0.10		51.17	0.07
Junior School	50.84	0.05		50.96	0.06		50.58	0.05		50.77	0.06		51.06	0.05
Senior, Vocational or Evening School	51.01	0.12		51.15	0.18		50.71	0.11		50.96	0.15		51.20	0.11
Diploma, Degree or Post-graduate Degree	50.95	0.20		51.17	0.25		50.71	0.19		50.76	0.24		51.19	0.20
Paternal Education Completed			0.044			0.032			0.104			0.065			0.064
Primary School	50.88	0.07		51.10	0.09		50.58	0.07		50.73	0.09		51.11	0.07
Junior School	50.87	0.05		50.99	0.05		50.60	0.05		50.81	0.06		51.08	0.04
Senior, Vocational or Evening School	51.16	0.10		51.41	0.13		50.83	0.09		51.10	0.12		51.31	0.10
Diploma, Degree or Post-graduate Degree	51.07	0.16		51.24	0.22		50.79	0.15		50.86	0.20		51.40	0.15
Parity			0.003			0.009			0.001			0.030			0.013
1–2	50.77	0.06		50.91	0.07		50.47	0.06		50.70	0.07		50.99	0.05
3–4	51.00	0.07		51.15	0.08		50.73	0.07		50.91	0.08		51.22	0.07
≥ 5	51.01	0.05		51.19	0.07		50.74	0.05		50.92	0.06		51.21	0.05
Sex of Child			0.911			0.967			0.899			0.889			0.904
Male	50.92	0.05		51.07	0.06		50.64	0.05		50.84	0.06		51.13	0.05
Female	50.91	0.06		51.07	0.08		50.63	0.06		50.83	0.07		51.12	0.05
Child’s Delivery Location			0.273			0.511			0.358			0.175			0.279
Home/Community Delivery	50.94	0.04		51.09	0.05		50.65	0.04		50.86	0.05		51.15	0.04
Health Facility Delivery	50.86	0.05		51.02	0.08		50.59	0.05		50.76	0.06		51.08	0.06
Danger Signs Primary Caregiver Can Recall			0.371			0.473			0.519			0.376			0.282
0–3	50.94	0.05		51.09	0.06		50.65	0.05		50.87	0.06		51.16	0.05
4+	50.87	0.05		51.03	0.06		50.60	0.05		50.78	0.07		51.08	0.04
Abuse in the Home			0.813			0.957			0.786			0.758
Primary Caregiver Believes Domestic Abuse is Justifiable	50.90	0.05		51.07	0.07		50.62	0.05		50.81	0.06		51.11	0.05
Primary Caregiver Does Not Believe Domestic Abuse is Justifiable	50.92	0.04		51.07	0.05		50.64	0.04		50.84	0.05		51.13	0.04
Physical Punishment			0.152			0.847			0.075			0.057			0.127
Used Physical Punishment	50.94	0.04		51.07	0.05		50.66	0.04		50.86	0.05		51.15	0.04
Did not use Physical Punishment	50.79	0.09		51.05	0.13		50.47	0.09		50.64	0.10		50.98	0.10
Books in Home			0.790			0.483			0.989			0.753			0.792
No Books	50.94	0.10		51.15	0.12		50.63	0.10		50.86	0.12		51.10	0.10
One or More Books	50.91	0.03		51.06	0.05		50.63	0.03		50.83	0.04		51.13	0.03
Child Left Alone			0.835			0.558			0.649			0.761			0.520
Left Alone for Over an Hour	50.90	0.09		51.13	0.10		50.59	0.09		50.80	0.11		51.07	0.09
Never Left Alone	50.92	0.04		51.06	0.05		50.64	0.04		50.84	0.05		51.14	0.04
Maternal Interactions			0.217			0.043			0.508			0.327			0.601
Mother Did Not Engage in Any Early Stimulation Activity with Child	50.72	0.16		50.67	0.21		50.53	0.15		50.64	0.20		51.05	0.17
Mother Engaged in at Least One Early Stimulation Activity with Child	50.93	0.03		51.10	0.04		50.64	0.04		50.84	0.04		51.13	0.03
Paternal Interactions			0.585			0.218			0.727			0.946			0.747
Father Did Not Engage in Any Early Stimulation Activity with Child	50.90	0.05		51.02	0.06		50.62	0.05		50.83	0.07		51.12	0.05
Father Engaged in at Least One Early Stimulation Activity with Child	50.94	0.05		51.12	0.06		50.64	0.05		50.83	0.05		51.14	0.05
Food Diversity ( n = 122)			0.004			0.005			0.006			0.006			0.032
Identifies Less than Four Food Groups Child Should be Eating	50.52	0.08		50.64	0.10		50.35	0.07		50.31	0.10		50.77	0.07
Identifies Four or More Food Groups Child Should be Eating	50.97	0.12		51.17	0.14		50.76	0.12		50.85	0.15		51.11	0.12
Feeding Frequency ( n = 122)			0.266			0.311			0.321			0.348			0.260
Less than 3	50.49	0.14		50.61	0.17		50.34	0.13		50.31	0.19		50.72	0.14
3 or more	50.69	0.08		50.85	0.11		50.50	0.07		50.51	0.09		50.92	0.07

Back to article page

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us

Submission enquiries: bmcpublichealth@biomedcentral.com
General enquiries: ORSupport@springernature.com

BMC Public Health

Contact us