Table 1 Demographic characteristics of study participants (n = 508)
| Â | 2013(T1) | 2015(T2) | 2018(T3) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n/means | %/SD | n/means | %/SD | n/means | %/SD | |
Gender | ||||||
 Female | 307 | 60.43 |  |  |  |  |
 Male | 201 | 39.57 |  |  |  |  |
Age | 62.73 | 7.22 | 64.73 | 7.22 | 67.73 | 7.22 |
Marital status | ||||||
 Married | 463 | 91.14 | 454 | 89.37 | 434 | 85.43 |
 Unmarried | 1 | 0.19 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
 Others (divorced and widowed) | 44 | 8.66 | 54 | 10.63 | 74 | 14.57 |
Hukou types | ||||||
 Agricultural Hukou | 374 | 73.62 |  |  |  |  |
 Non-agricultural Hukou | 174 | 34.25 |  |  |  |  |
Education | ||||||
 Illiterate | 92 | 18.11 |  |  |  |  |
 Primary school and below | 116 | 22.83 |  |  |  |  |
 Junior school and above | 300 | 59.06 |  |  |  |  |
Medical insurance | ||||||
 Urban employee | 81 | 15.94 |  |  |  |  |
 Urban and rural resident | 409 | 80.51 |  |  |  |  |
 Other medical insurance | 18 | 3.54 |  |  |  |  |
Living arrangement | ||||||
 Living alone | 312 | 61.41 |  |  |  |  |
 Living with others | 196 | 38.59 |  |  |  |  |
Comorbidity | 2.43 | 1.44 | 2.75 | 1.45 | 3.88 | 1.89 |
Life satisfaction | 2.84 | 0.74 | 2.62 | 0.73 | 2.77 | 0.79 |
Social participation | 3.45 | 3.46 | 3.13 | 3.48 | 2.81 | 3.21 |
Self-rated health status | 3.03 | 0.95 | 3.20 | 0.86 | 3.32 | 0.92 |
Medical intervention status | 2.45 | 1.63 | 2.40 | 1.54 | 2.54 | 1.63 |
Depression | 0.68 | 0.47 | 0.57 | 0.50 | 0.53 | 0.50 |
 Depression | 163 | 32.09 | 217 | 42.72 | 238 | 46.85 |
 Non-depression | 345 | 67.91 | 291 | 57.28 | 270 | 53.15 |
ADL | 5.91 | 0.41 | 5.88 | 0.47 | 5.86 | 0.53 |
Self-perceived disease control |  |  | 0.05 | 0.61 | −0.07 | 0.65 |
 Getting worse | 64 | 12.60 | 82 | 16.14 | 128 | 25.20 |
 Same | 350 | 68.90 | 319 | 62.80 | 289 | 56.89 |
 Getting better | 94 | 18.50 | 107 | 21.06 | 91 | 17.91 |
Subjective life expectancy | 17.93 | 9.56 | 15.93 | 8.64 | 13.74 | 8.43 |
Medication use | 0.96 | 0.47 | 1.00 | 0.32 | 1.06 | 0.42 |
Self-monitoring | 1.69 | 1.17 | 1.79 | 1.12 | 1.51 | 1.06 |
Physical activity | 2.32 | 0.98 | 2.31 | 1.03 | 1.98 | 1.36 |
Tobacco avoidance | ||||||
 Smoking | 112 | 22.05 | 112 | 22.05 | 105 | 20.67 |
 Quit or never smoked | 396 | 77.95 | 396 | 77.95 | 403 | 79.33 |
Alcohol avoidance | ||||||
 Drinking | 150 | 29.53 | 128 | 25.20 | 137 | 26.97 |
 No drink | 358 | 70.47 | 380 | 74.80 | 371 | 73.03 |