Table 1 Characteristics of study participants according to diabetes status

Age (years)

56.5 ± 10.4

64.0 ± 9.1

55.9 ± 10.2

Height (cm)

170.3 ± 5.8

169.3 ± 5.0

170.4 ± 5.8

Weight (kg)

68.7 ± 9.7

69.7 ± 10.8

68.6 ± 9.7

Waist circumference (cm)

84.5 ± 8.6

87.7 ± 9.0

84.3 ± 8.5

Calf circumference (cm)

37.5 ± 2.6

37.3 ± 3.2

37.5 ± 2.5

Body mass index (kg/m²)

23.7 ± 3.0

24.3 ± 3.4

23.6 ± 3.0

Percent body fat (%)

20.5 ± 5.8

23.2 ± 5.3

20.3 ± 5.8

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

132.0 ± 18.8

139.3 ± 20.9

131.4 ± 18.5

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

83.5 ± 11.6

84.1 ± 13.3

83.4 ± 11.4

Grip strength (kg)

36.8 ± 5.7

34.4 ± 6.2

37.0 ± 5.6

Relative grip strength, (kg/kg)

0.54 ± 0.09

0.50 ± 0.08

0.55 ± 0.09

Leg extension power (W)

1278 ± 368

1088 ± 348

1292 ± 366

Relative leg extension power (W/kg)

18.6 ± 4.8

15.5 ± 3.9

18.9 ± 4.8

Peak oxygen uptake (mL/kg/min)

30.3 ± 6.4

26.1 ± 4.6

30.6 ± 6.4

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

209.9 ± 34.1

202.4 ± 33.6

210.4 ± 34.1

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

61.9 ± 16.0

57.7 ± 18.2

62.2 ± 15.8

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

122.9 ± 29.8

118.2 ± 29.8

123.2 ± 29.8

Triglycerides (mg/dL)^a

87.0 (62.0 − 127.0)

95.0 (68.0 − 151.0)

87.0 (61.0 − 126.5)

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

98.2 ± 14.5

133.4 ± 25.9

95.6 ± 8.8

HbA1c (%)

5.5 ± 0.5

6.7 ± 0.7

5.4 ± 0.3

Exercise habit (%)

541 (68.0)

42 (76.4)

499 (67.3)

Hypertension (%)

188 (23.6)

20 (36.4)

168 (22.7)

Dyslipidemia (%)

205 (25.8)

24 (43.6)

181 (24.4)

Family history of diabetes (%)

182 (22.9)

20 (36.4)

162 (21.9)

Family history of hypertension (%)

350 (44.0)

26 (47.3)

324 (43.7)

Family history of dyslipidemia, (%)

82 (10.3)

6 (10.9)

76 (10.3)

Current smokers (%)

63 (7.9)

7 (12.7)

56 (7.6)

Non-drinkers (%)

103 (12.9)

10 (18.2)

93 (12.6)