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Table 7 Sample balance test

From: The effect of smartphones on the self-rated health levels of the elderly

 

Variable

Experience group

Control group

Standard deviation (%)

Deviation reduction(%)

T-value

P-value

Gender

Unmatched

0.667

0.691

−5.0

 

−1.28

0.199

Matched

0.667

0.634

7.2

−44.6

1.59

0.112

Age

Unmatched

2.666

3.326

−51.4

 

−13.00

0.000

Matched

2.666

2.692

−2.1

95.9

−0.50

0.616

Edu

Unmatched

3.401

3.084

41.4

 

10.28

0.000

Matched

3.401

3.431

−3.9

90.6

−1.00

0.316

Living situation

 Spouse

Unmatched

0.552

0.547

1.0

 

0.25

0.799

Matched

0.552

0.550

0.4

60.2

0.09

0.930

Children

Unmatched

0.144

0.143

0.2

 

0.06

0.953

Matched

0.144

0.143

0.3

−23.0

0.06

0.950

SC

Unmatched

0.266

0.254

2.9

 

0.13

0.899

Matched

0.266

0.270

− 0.9

69.5

− 0.20

0.843

Conditions

Unmatched

2.879

2.6095

39.7

 

10.26

0.000

Matched

2.879

2.840

5.7

85.7

1.27

0.203

Number

Unmatched

2.305

2.493

−36.7

 

−9.23

0.000

Matched

2.305

2.279

5.0

86.3

1.23

0.22

Income

Unmatched

3.637

3.351

32.2

 

8.15

0.000

Matched

3.637

3.694

−6.5

79.9

−1.52

0.129

Current work

Retirement

Unmatched

0.786

0.858

−19.0

 

−5.10

0.000

Matched

0.789

0.817

−7.3

61.4

−1.60

0.110

Employment

Unmatched

0.180

0.078

31.0

 

8.59

0.000

Matched

0.177

0.160

5.2

83.2

1.05

0.293

Business

Unmatched

0.026

0.018

5.9

 

1.60

0.110

Matched

0.026

0.020

4.5

23.2

1.01

0.312

Residence

Unmatched

3.516

3.313

21.6

 

5.41

0.000

Matched

3.516

3.601

−9.1

58.0

−2.18

0.029

 

Pseudo R2

LR chi2

p > chi2

MeanBias (%)

MedBia(%)

B

R

Unmatched

0.118

461.11

0.000

21.9

20.8

84.9*

0.84

Matched

0.004

10.46

0.656

2.6

2.6

14.1

1.37

  1. Note: In radius matching, the radius is set to 0.05; in kernel matching, the kernel function and broadband use default values; k-nearest neighbor matching selects k = 1