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Table 3 Bivariate analysis for insufficient and excessive gestational weight gain according to sociodemographic, obstetric and environmental factors. Belo Horizonte and Contagem, Minas Gerais

From: Environmental and individual factors associated with gestational weight gain

Sociodemographic, obstetric and environmental factors

 

Insufficient weight gain n (%)

OR(CI95%)

p- value

Excessive weight gain n (%)

OR(CI95%)

p- value

Age (years)

115 (22.73)

1.00 (0.96–1.03)

0.995

184 (36.36)

0.98 (0.95–1.01)

0.278

Educational level

  Elementary School

24 (22.86)

1

 

40 (38.10)

1

 

  High school

61 (22.10)

0.98 (0.54–1.78)

0.965

109 (39.49)

1.14 (0.68 – 1.90)

0.610

  Higher education

30 (24.00)

0.79 (0.40 – 1.57)

0.517

35 (28.00)

0.65 (0.36 – 1.19)

0.171

Ethnicity/Racea

  White

34 (21.79)

1

 

51 (32.69)

1

 

  Black

11 (30.56)

1.90(0.76 – 4.73)

0.163

13 (36.11)

1.41 (0.59 – 3.33)

0.429

  Brown

66(21.71)

1.06 (0.63 – 1.76)

0.814

117(38.49)

1.31(0.85 – 2.04)

0.215

  Yellow

2(25.00)

1.10 (0.18 – 7.46)

0.872

3(37.50)

1.59(0.31 – 8.13)

0.575

  Indigenous

2(100)

-

 

-

-

 

Civil status

  Stable union

87 (22.48)

1

 

134 (34.63)

1

 

  Without companion

28 (23.53)

1.35 (0.78 – 2.34)

0.271

50 (42.02)

1.33 (0.84 – 2.12)

0.215

Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI)

  Eutrophic

69 (22.33)

1

 

80 (25.89)

1

 

  Underweight

9 (40.91)

2.14 (0.83 – 5.48)

0.113

3 (13.64)

0.55 (0.14 – 2.14)

0.392

  Overweight

21 (17.65)

1.74 (0.92 – 3.28)

0.087

70 (58.82)

5.10 (3.08 – 8.44)

 < 0.001

  Obesity

16 (28.57)

4.13 (1.74 – 9.79)

0.001

31 (55.36)

6.65 (3.14 – 14.08)

 < 0.001

Smoking in the first 5 months of pregnancy

  No

108 (22.83)

1

 

166 (35.10)

1

 

  Yes

7 (21.21)

1.58 (0.55 – 4.47)

0.387

18 (54.55)

2.29 (0.99 – 5.27)

0.051

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy

  No

104 (23.27)

1

 

158 (35.35)

1

 

  Yes

11 (19.30)

0.91 (0.42 – 1.96)

0.817

25 (43.86)

1.36 (0.73 – 2.52)

0.318

Gestational diabetes

  No

104 (22.03)

1

 

171 (36.23)

1

 

  Yes

11 (33.33)

2.15 (0.88 – 5.25)

0.091

12 (36.36)

1.30 (0.55 – 3.06)

0.539

Non gestational diabetes

  No

44 (19.30)

1

 

89 (39.04)

1

 

  Yes

6 (75.00)

13,16 (1.56 – 111.15)

0.018

1 (12.50)

1,25 (0.07 – 19.90)

0.871

Parity

  Primiparous

47 (23.50)

1

 

72 (36.00)

1

 

  Multiparous

49 (21.78)

0.97 (0.58 – 1.60)

0.912

90 (40.00)

1.45 (0.96 – 2.21)

0.076

Gestational age (weeks)

115 (22.73)

0.97 (0.85 -1.10)

0.649

184 (36.36)

0,97 (0.88 – 1.06)

0.579

Number of PN consultations

  Greater than or equal to 6

95 (22.95)

1

 

142 (34.30)

1

 

  Less than 6

8 (22.86)

1.62 (0.60 – 4.35)

0.333

18 (51.43)

2.36 (1.04 – 5.34)

0.039

Professional who attended most PN consultations

  Nurse

15 (31.25)

1

 

15 (31.25)

1

 

  Physician

100 (21.83)

0.62 (0.30 – 1.30)

0.221

169 (36.90)

1.14 (0.56 – 2.32)

0.705

Place where most PN consultations were carried out

  Public

63 (23.42)

1

 

112 (41.64)

1

 

  Private

48 (22.43)

0.67 (0.41 – 1.08)

0.104

65 (30.37)

0.57 (0.37 – 0.86)

0.007

Healthy food purchasing establishments

  1 tercile

52 (24.19)

1

 

74 (34.42)

1

 

  2 tercile

27 (19.01)

0.70 (0.40 – 1.25)

0.238

54 (38.03)

1.03 (0.64 – 1.65)

0.900

  3 tercile

36 (24.16)

1.06 (0.61 – 1.83)

0.834

56 (37.58)

1.08 (0.68 – 1.71)

0.736

Unhealthy food purchasing establishments

  1 tercile

41 (23.03)

1

 

56 (31.46)

1

 

  2 tercile

33 (20.63)

1.01 (0.57 – 1.77)

0.961

62 (38.75)

1.30 (0.81 – 2.10)

0.267

  3 tercile

41 (21.40)

1.27 (0.72 – 2.23)

0.393

66 (39.29)

1.45 (0.91 – 2.30)

0.109

Mixed establishments near the place of residence

  1 tercile

42 (23.08)

1

 

57 (31.32)

1

 

  2 tercile

35 (21.47)

1.05 (0.60 – 1.84)

0.842

63 (38.65)

1.34 (0.83 – 2.16)

0.226

  3 tercile

38 (23.60)

1.20 (0.68 – 2.13)

0.514

64 (39.75)

1.47 (0.92 – 2.34)

0.103

Available places for physical activity

  1 tercile

67 (23.51)

1

 

95 (33.33)

1

 

  2 tercile

21 (20.39)

1.02 (0.54 – 1.93)

0.935

46 (44.66)

1.79 (1.07 – 2.97)

0.024

  3 tercile

27 (22.88)

1.02 (0.58 – 1.79)

0.935

43 (36.44)

1.10 (0.69 – 1.74)

0.670

Average income per Buffer

  1 tercile

31 (20.39)

1

 

53 (34.87)

1

 

  2 tercile

39 (22.67)

1.35 (0.75 – 2.44)

0.311

70 (40.70)

1.45 (0.90 – 2.34)

0.122

  3 tercile

45 (25.00)

1.23 (0.68 – 2.20)

0.485

61 (33.89)

1.02 (0.65 – 1.61)

0.911

  1. P-value for Logistic Regression Models with Generalized Equation Estimation / 95% CI = 95% Confidence interval/Bold values =  < 0.2/ OR Odds Ratio, PN Prenatal; a This classification was made with reference to: Ethnicity/race was categorized using the definition used by the ethnic and racial characteristics of the population: a study of the categories of color or racial classification: 2008 from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) [21]