Table 1 Participants’ contextual factors according to residency
From: Making Europe health literate: including older adults in sparsely populated Arctic areas
Personal factors | Total N=175 | Rural n=70 | Urban n=105 | p-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age in years, mean (SD), [min-max] | 74.2 (6.3) [66–92] | 73.9 (6.2) [66–89] | 74.4 (6.4) [66–92] | 0.550 | |
Age groups, n (%) | 65–74 years | 104 (59.4) | 43 (61.4) | 61 (58.1) | 0.660 |
75–92 years | 71 (40.6) | 27 (38.6) | 44 (41.9) | ||
Gender, n (%) | Female | 75 (43) | 33 (47) | 42 (40) | 0.350 |
Male | 100 (57) | 37 (53) | 63 (60) | ||
Years in school, mean (SD), [min-max] | 11.1 (5.3) [0–30] | 9.0 (4.7) [0–24] | 12.5 (5.2) [1–30] | <0.001** | |
Education level, n (%) | Elementary | 78 (45.1) | 38 (55.9) | 40 (38.1) | 0.044** |
Secondary/trade school | 66 (38.2) | 23 (33.8) | 43 (41) | ||
University degree | 29 (16.8) | 7 (10.3) | 22 (21) | ||
Income per month, n (%) | <1.440 EUR | 8 (5) | 4 (6.9) | 4 (4) | 0.627 |
1.440–2.885 EUR | 74 (46.5) | 28 (48.3) | 46 (45.5) | ||
>2.885 EUR | 77 (48.4) | 26 (44.8) | 51 (50.5) | ||
Adequate income, n (%) | Yes | 132 (75.4) | 53 (75.7) | 79 (75.2) | 0.943 |
No | 43 (24.6) | 17 (24.3) | 26 (24.8) | ||
Working or retired, n (%) | Working | 57 (32.6) | 36 (51.4) | 21 (20) | <0.001** |
Retired | 118 (67.4) | 34 (48.6) | 84 (80) | ||
HLS-EU-Q16, mean (SD), [min-max] | 13.2 (2.4) [6–16] | 13.0 (2.4) [6–16] | 13.4 (2.4) [7–16] | 0.464 | |
GDS, mean (SD), [min-max] | 4.9 (3.8) [0–20] | 4.9 (4.1) [0–20] | 4.9 (3.7) [0–18] | 0.978 | |
CD-RISC, mean (SD), [min-max] | 75.9 (12.4) [39–100] | 70.4 (10.9) [39–94] | 79.3 (12.0) [50–100] | <0.001** | |
SRH, mean (SD), [min-max] | 3.0 (0.9) [1–5] | 3.0 (0.8) [2–5] | 3.0 (0.9) [1–5] | 0.833 | |
Environmental factors | Total N=175 | Rural n=70 | Urban n=105 | p-value* | |
Way of living, n (%) | Cohabitating | 135 (77.1) | 59 (84.3) | 76 (72.4) | 0.066 |
Living alone | 40 (22.9) | 11 (15.7) | 29 (27.6) | ||
Means of transportation, n (%) | Walk | 118 (67.4) | 47 (67.1) | 71 (67.6) | 0.947 |
Drive on own | 162 (92.6) | 64 (91.4) | 98 (93.3) | 0.638 | |
Driven by others | 39 (22.3) | 13 (18.5) | 26 (24.7) | 0.749 | |
Public transport | 21 (12) | 3 (4.3) | 18 (17.1) | 0.010** | |
Have someone to ask for assistance, n (%) | Yes | 170 (97.1) | 69 (98.6) | 101 (96.2) | *** |
No | 5 (2.9) | 1 (1.4) | 4 (3.8) | ||
How often meet children or other relatives, n (%) | Daily | 69 (39.7) | 30 (43.5) | 39 (37.1) | 0.481 |
Weekly | 70 (40.2) | 19 (27.5) | 51 (48.6) | ||
Monthly | 26 (14.9) | 16 (23.2) | 10 (9.5) | ||
Yearly | 9 (5.2) | 4 (5.8) | 5 (4.8) | ||
How often meet friends or neighbours, n (%) | Daily | 60 (34.3) | 16 (22.9) | 44 (41.9) | 0.003** |
Weekly | 97 (55.4) | 43 (61.4) | 54 (51.4) | ||
Monthly | 15 (8.6) | 9 (12.9) | 6 (5,7) | ||
Yearly | 3 (1.7) | 2 (2.9) | 1 (1) | ||
Perceived access to healthcare services, n (%) | Good | 99 (56.6) | 38 (54.3) | 61 (58.1) | 0.156 |
Rather good | 47 (26.9) | 26 (37.1) | 21 (20) | ||
Neither nor | 7 (4) | 2 (2.9) | 5 (4.8) | ||
Rather bad | 16 (9.1) | 3 (4.3) | 13 (12.4) | ||
Bad | 6 (3.4) | 1 (1.4) | 5 (4.8) | ||
Perceived access to medical services, n (%) | Good | 104 (59.4) | 41 (58.6) | 63 (60) | 0.022** |
Rather good | 41 (23.4) | 22 (31.4) | 19 (18.1) | ||
Neither nor | 8 (4.6) | 3 (4.3) | 5 (4.8) | ||
Rather bad | 16 (9.1) | 2 (2.9) | 14 (13.3) | ||
Bad | 6 (3.4) | 2 (2.9) | 4 (3.8) | ||
Perceived access to recreational centres, n (%) | Good | 89 (50.9) | 23 (32.9) | 66 (62.9) | <0.001** |
Rather good | 23 (13.1) | 11 (15.7) | 12 (11.4) | ||
Neither nor | 56 (32) | 31 (44.3) | 25 (23.8) | ||
Rather bad | 6 (3.4) | 4 (5.7) | 2 (1.9%) | ||
Bad | 1 (0.6) | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0) | ||
Perceived access to organised physical training, n (%) | Good | 69 (39.4) | 16 (22.9) | 53 (50.5) | <0.001** |
Rather good | 24 (13.7) | 10 (14.3) | 14 (13.3) | ||
Neither nor | 69 (39.4) | 32 (45.7) | 37 (35.2) | ||
Rather bad | 9 (5.1) | 8 (11.4) | 1 (1) | ||
Bad | 4 (2.3) | 4 (5.7) | 0 (0) | ||
Distance from healthcare services, n (%) | 0–5 km | 107 (61.1) | 4 (5.7) | 103 (98.1) | <0.001** |
5–20 km | 21 (12) | 19 (27.1) | 2 (1.9) | ||
20 km+ | 47 (26.9) | 47 (67.1) | 0 (0) | ||
Distance from recreational centres, n (%) | 0–5 km | 123 (72.4) | 18 (27.7) | 105 (100) | <0.001** |
5–20 km | 32 (18.8) | 32 (49.2) | 0 (0) | ||
20 km+ | 15 (8.8) | 15 (23.1) | 0 (0) | ||
Distance from a store, n (%) | 0–5 km | 119 (68) | 14 (20) | 105 (100) | <0.001** |
5–20 km | 29 (16.6) | 29 (41.4) | 0 (0) | ||
20 km+ | 27 (15.4) | 27 (38.6) | 0 (0) | ||
Distance from organised physical training, n (%) | 0–5 km | 124 (73.8) | 19 (30.2) | 105 (100) | <0.001** |
5–20 km | 20 (11.9) | 20 (31.7) | 0 (0) | ||
20 km+ | 24 (14.3) | 24 (38.1) | 0 (0) |