The association of resilience with depression, anxiety, stress and physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic

BMC Public Health

Table 4 Differences (95% Confidence Interval) in resilience scores between physical activity and mental health outcomes

	Model 1	Model 2^a	Model 3^b
Longitudinal
Physical activity (meeting vs. not meeting the guidelines)	0.10^*** (0.05, 0.16)	0.10^** (0.04, 0.16)	0.07^* (0.01, 0.13)
Depression (Normal vs. above normal)	0.45^*** (0.39, 0.51)	0.40^*** (0.33, 0.46)	0.30^*** (0.22, 0.37)
Anxiety (Normal vs. above normal)	0.36^*** (0.29, 0.43)	0.34^*** (0.26, 0.41)	0.19^*** (0.11, 0.27)
Stress (Normal vs. above normal)	0.35^*** (0.29, 0.42)	0.30^*** (0.23, 0.37)	0.12^** (0.04, 0.19)
Cross-sectional
Physical activity (meeting vs. not meeting the guidelines)	0.26^*** (0.18, 0.33)	0.19^*** (0.11, 0.27)	0.15^*** (0.08, 0.21)
Depression (Normal vs. above normal)	0.76^*** (0.69, 0.82)	0.72^*** (0.64, 0.79)	0.45^*** (0.37, 0.53)
Anxiety (Normal vs. above normal)	0.74^*** (0.67, 0.82)	0.68^*** (0.60, 0.77)	0.20^*** (0.10, 0.30)
Stress (Normal vs. above normal)	0.77^*** (0.69, 0.84)	0.71^*** (0.63, 0.80)	0.30^*** (0.20, 0.40)

^a Adjusted for time, age, gender, years of education, household income, marital status, and chronic disease status
^b Included physical activity, depression, anxiety, and stress together with the same covariates used in Model 2
^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001

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