Background characteristics | Rural | Urban | Differences | p-value | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (N) | % (N) | % | Â | ||
Obesity related factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Obese/overweight | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  No | 16.3 (2911) | 28.8 (2063) | 12.5 | <0.001 | -0.35 (-0.38, -0.33) |
  Yes | 36.6 (1048) | 48.6 (1737) | 11.9 | <0.001 | -0.19 (-0.24, -0.14) |
High risk waist circumference | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  No | 16.2 (2840) | 28.0 (1979) | 11.8 | <0.001 | -0.35 (-0.38, -0.32) |
  Yes | 35.1 (1118) | 49.6 (1821) | 14.5 | <0.001 | -0.24 (-0.29, -0.2) |
High risk waist-hip ratio | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  No | 15.4 (1077) | 31.5 (948) | 16.1 | <0.001 | -0.42 (-0.47, -0.38) |
  Yes | 21.0 (2881) | 36.9 (2851) | 15.9 | <0.001 | -0.36 (-0.39, -0.33) |
Behavioural factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Physical activity status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Frequent | 13.1 (519) | 29.0 (466) | 15.9 | <0.001 | -0.45 (-0.51, -0.39) |
  Rare | 12.4(384) | 32.2 (261) | 19.8 | <0.001 | -0.42 (-0.49, -0.34) |
  Never | 22.4 (3055) | 36.9 (3072) | 14.5 | <0.001 | -0.34 (-0.36, -0.31) |
Tobacco consumption | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  No | 20.8 (2358) | 37.4 (2947) | 16.6 | <0.001 | -0.38 (-0.41, -0.35) |
  Yes | 17.1 (1601) | 29.9 (852) | 12.8 | <0.001 | -0.34 (-0.38, -0.3) |
Alcohol consumption | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  No | 19.7 (3440) | 35.7 (3400) | 16.0 | <0.001 | -0.37 (-0.4, -0.35) |
  Yes | 15.9 (518) | 32.9 (400) | 17.0 | <0.001 | -0.42 (-0.48, -0.35) |
Individual factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Young-old (60-69 years) | 17.8 (2156) | 34.8 (2183) | 17.1 | <0.001 | -0.39 (-0.43, -0.36) |
  Old-old (70-79 years) | 20.4 (1257) | 38.3 (1283) | 17.9 | <0.001 | -0.39 (-0.43, -0.35) |
  Oldest-old (80+ years) | 22.6 (545) | 29.8 (333) | 7.3 | 0.012 | -0.31 (-0.39, -0.24) |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Male | 18.2 (1829) | 32.5 (1569) | 14.2 | <0.001 | -0.34 (-0.38, -0.31) |
  Female | 19.9 (2129) | 37.8 (2231) | 17.9 | <0.001 | -0.42 (-0.45, -0.39) |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Not educated/primary not completed | 17.5 (2794) | 28.8 (1421) | 11.3 | <0.001 | -0.37 (-0.4, -0.34) |
  Primary | 23.8 (492) | 40.8 (617) | 17.0 | <0.001 | -0.32 (-0.38, -0.25) |
  Secondary | 24.0 (476) | 42.8 (1110) | 18.8 | <0.001 | -0.24 (-0.3, -0.18) |
  Higher | 28.7 (195) | 38.5 (651) | 9.7 | <0.001 | -0.24 (-0.33, -0.15) |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Currently married | 18.7 (2435) | 34.3 (2166) | 15.6 | <0.001 | -0.38 (-0.41, -0.35) |
  Widowed | 20.3 (1474) | 37.1 (1545) | 16.9 | <0.001 | -0.39 (-0.43, -0.35) |
  Others | 11.4 (48) | 33.9 (88) | 22.5 | 0.026 | -0.44 (-0.58, -0.3) |
Working status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Working | 11.1 (810) | 24.7 (519) | 13.6 | <0.001 | -0.37 (-0.42, -0.33) |
  Retired | 23.7 (2076) | 34.6 (1631) | 10.9 | <0.001 | -0.31 (-0.35, -0.27) |
  Not working | 23.3 (1071) | 42.2 (1649) | 18.9 | <0.001 | -0.37 (-0.41, -0.33) |
Household factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
MPCE quintile | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Poorest | 12.9 (572) | 25.3 (605) | 12.4 | <0.001 | -0.42 (-0.47, -0.37) |
  Poorer | 16.5 (758) | 30.0 (657) | 13.5 | <0.001 | -0.42 (-0.47, -0.36) |
  Middle | 19.1 (833) | 30.0 (661) | 10.9 | <0.001 | -0.36 (-0.41, -0.31) |
  Richer | 21.2 (834) | 43.3 (916) | 22.1 | <0.001 | -0.41 (-0.47, -0.36) |
  Richest | 28.5 (960) | 52.6 (958) | 24.1 | <0.001 | -0.35 (-0.41, -0.3) |
Religion | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Hindu | 18.3 (3164) | 35.6 (3026) | 17.3 | <0.001 | -0.39 (-0.42, -0.36) |
  Muslim | 21.5 (434) | 33.0 (529) | 11.5 | <0.001 | -0.34 (-0.41, -0.28) |
  Christian | 25.4 (158) | 47.9 (129) | 22.5 | <0.001 | -0.37 (-0.45, -0.29) |
  Others | 26.2 (202) | 31.2 (115) | 5.1 | 0.008 | -0.23 (-0.34, -0.12) |
Caste | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Scheduled Caste | 17.6 (802) | 28.6 (349) | 11.1 | <0.001 | -0.32 (-0.38, -0.25) |
  Scheduled Tribe | 10.3 (218) | 18.0(58) | 7.7 | <0.001 | -0.5 (-0.57, -0.44) |
  Other Backward Class | 19.9 (1832) | 36.3 (1833) | 16.4 | <0.001 | -0.34 (-0.38, -0.3) |
  Others | 23.0 (1106) | 37.7 (1559) | 14.7 | <0.001 | -0.3 (-0.34, -0.26) |
Region | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  North | 21.3 (565) | 32.1 (415) | 10.8 | <0.001 | -0.28 (-0.33, -0.22) |
  Central | 11.3 (557) | 22.0 (337) | 10.7 | 0.002 | -0.37 (-0.45, -0.3) |
  East | 19.6 (1112) | 37.7 (593) | 18.1 | <0.001 | -0.51 (-0.57, -0.45) |
  Northeast | 13.2 (91) | 26.9 (60) | 13.7 | 0.105 | -0.3 (-0.38, -0.23) |
  West | 22.3 (645) | 35.1 (934) | 12.8 | 0.002 | -0.31 (-0.37, -0.25) |
  South | 25.4 (986) | 42.3 (1458) | 16.9 | <0.001 | -0.26 (-0.31, -0.22) |
Total | 19.1 | 35.4 | 16.3 | <0.001 | Â |