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Table 2 Percentage of older adults suffering from multimorbidity in India, 2017-18

From: Decomposing urban-rural differences in multimorbidity among older adults in India: a study based on LASI data

Background characteristics

Rural

Urban

Differences

p-value

Cohen’s d

% (N)

% (N)

%

 

Obesity related factors

     

Obese/overweight

     

  No

16.3 (2911)

28.8 (2063)

12.5

<0.001

-0.35 (-0.38, -0.33)

  Yes

36.6 (1048)

48.6 (1737)

11.9

<0.001

-0.19 (-0.24, -0.14)

High risk waist circumference

     

  No

16.2 (2840)

28.0 (1979)

11.8

<0.001

-0.35 (-0.38, -0.32)

  Yes

35.1 (1118)

49.6 (1821)

14.5

<0.001

-0.24 (-0.29, -0.2)

High risk waist-hip ratio

     

  No

15.4 (1077)

31.5 (948)

16.1

<0.001

-0.42 (-0.47, -0.38)

  Yes

21.0 (2881)

36.9 (2851)

15.9

<0.001

-0.36 (-0.39, -0.33)

Behavioural factors

     

Physical activity status

     

  Frequent

13.1 (519)

29.0 (466)

15.9

<0.001

-0.45 (-0.51, -0.39)

  Rare

12.4(384)

32.2 (261)

19.8

<0.001

-0.42 (-0.49, -0.34)

  Never

22.4 (3055)

36.9 (3072)

14.5

<0.001

-0.34 (-0.36, -0.31)

Tobacco consumption

     

  No

20.8 (2358)

37.4 (2947)

16.6

<0.001

-0.38 (-0.41, -0.35)

  Yes

17.1 (1601)

29.9 (852)

12.8

<0.001

-0.34 (-0.38, -0.3)

Alcohol consumption

     

  No

19.7 (3440)

35.7 (3400)

16.0

<0.001

-0.37 (-0.4, -0.35)

  Yes

15.9 (518)

32.9 (400)

17.0

<0.001

-0.42 (-0.48, -0.35)

Individual factors

     

Age

     

  Young-old (60-69 years)

17.8 (2156)

34.8 (2183)

17.1

<0.001

-0.39 (-0.43, -0.36)

  Old-old (70-79 years)

20.4 (1257)

38.3 (1283)

17.9

<0.001

-0.39 (-0.43, -0.35)

  Oldest-old (80+ years)

22.6 (545)

29.8 (333)

7.3

0.012

-0.31 (-0.39, -0.24)

Sex

     

  Male

18.2 (1829)

32.5 (1569)

14.2

<0.001

-0.34 (-0.38, -0.31)

  Female

19.9 (2129)

37.8 (2231)

17.9

<0.001

-0.42 (-0.45, -0.39)

Education

     

  Not educated/primary not completed

17.5 (2794)

28.8 (1421)

11.3

<0.001

-0.37 (-0.4, -0.34)

  Primary

23.8 (492)

40.8 (617)

17.0

<0.001

-0.32 (-0.38, -0.25)

  Secondary

24.0 (476)

42.8 (1110)

18.8

<0.001

-0.24 (-0.3, -0.18)

  Higher

28.7 (195)

38.5 (651)

9.7

<0.001

-0.24 (-0.33, -0.15)

Marital status

     

  Currently married

18.7 (2435)

34.3 (2166)

15.6

<0.001

-0.38 (-0.41, -0.35)

  Widowed

20.3 (1474)

37.1 (1545)

16.9

<0.001

-0.39 (-0.43, -0.35)

  Others

11.4 (48)

33.9 (88)

22.5

0.026

-0.44 (-0.58, -0.3)

Working status

     

  Working

11.1 (810)

24.7 (519)

13.6

<0.001

-0.37 (-0.42, -0.33)

  Retired

23.7 (2076)

34.6 (1631)

10.9

<0.001

-0.31 (-0.35, -0.27)

  Not working

23.3 (1071)

42.2 (1649)

18.9

<0.001

-0.37 (-0.41, -0.33)

Household factors

     

MPCE quintile

     

  Poorest

12.9 (572)

25.3 (605)

12.4

<0.001

-0.42 (-0.47, -0.37)

  Poorer

16.5 (758)

30.0 (657)

13.5

<0.001

-0.42 (-0.47, -0.36)

  Middle

19.1 (833)

30.0 (661)

10.9

<0.001

-0.36 (-0.41, -0.31)

  Richer

21.2 (834)

43.3 (916)

22.1

<0.001

-0.41 (-0.47, -0.36)

  Richest

28.5 (960)

52.6 (958)

24.1

<0.001

-0.35 (-0.41, -0.3)

Religion

     

  Hindu

18.3 (3164)

35.6 (3026)

17.3

<0.001

-0.39 (-0.42, -0.36)

  Muslim

21.5 (434)

33.0 (529)

11.5

<0.001

-0.34 (-0.41, -0.28)

  Christian

25.4 (158)

47.9 (129)

22.5

<0.001

-0.37 (-0.45, -0.29)

  Others

26.2 (202)

31.2 (115)

5.1

0.008

-0.23 (-0.34, -0.12)

Caste

     

  Scheduled Caste

17.6 (802)

28.6 (349)

11.1

<0.001

-0.32 (-0.38, -0.25)

  Scheduled Tribe

10.3 (218)

18.0(58)

7.7

<0.001

-0.5 (-0.57, -0.44)

  Other Backward Class

19.9 (1832)

36.3 (1833)

16.4

<0.001

-0.34 (-0.38, -0.3)

  Others

23.0 (1106)

37.7 (1559)

14.7

<0.001

-0.3 (-0.34, -0.26)

Region

     

  North

21.3 (565)

32.1 (415)

10.8

<0.001

-0.28 (-0.33, -0.22)

  Central

11.3 (557)

22.0 (337)

10.7

0.002

-0.37 (-0.45, -0.3)

  East

19.6 (1112)

37.7 (593)

18.1

<0.001

-0.51 (-0.57, -0.45)

  Northeast

13.2 (91)

26.9 (60)

13.7

0.105

-0.3 (-0.38, -0.23)

  West

22.3 (645)

35.1 (934)

12.8

0.002

-0.31 (-0.37, -0.25)

  South

25.4 (986)

42.3 (1458)

16.9

<0.001

-0.26 (-0.31, -0.22)

Total

19.1

35.4

16.3

<0.001

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