Table 4 The prevalence of undernutrition according to children, mothers, caregivers and family characteristics

Children levels

   Sex of children

0.053

0.341

0.983

    Female

2723

104(3.8)

100(3.7)

109(4.0)

    Male

2806

137(4.9)

117(4.2)

112(4.0)

  Age of children (months)

0.236

0.599

0.057

    0-11

716

22(3.1)

21(2.9)

17(2.4)

    12-23

800

43(5.4)

31(3.9)

24(3.0)

    24-35

835

36(4.3)

30(3.6)

33(4.0)

    36-47

914

39(4.3)

35(3.8)

39(4.3)

    48-59

1150

58(5.0)

52(4.5)

54(4.7)

    60-71

1114

43(3.9)

48(4.3)

54(4.8)

  Birth weight

<0.001^*

<0.001^*

<0.001^*

    <2500 g

203

27(13.3)

27(13.3)

21(10.3)

    2500-3999 g

4968

207(4.2)

187(3.8)

194(3.9)

    ≥4000 g

358

7(2.0)

3(0.8)

6(1.7)

  Preterm birth

<0.001^*

<0.001^*

<0.001^*

    No

5264

216(4.1)

191(3.6)

199(3.8)

    Yes

265

25(9.4)

26(9.8)

22(8.3)

  Left behind children

0.768

0.480

0.553

    No

3184

141(4.4)

130(4.1)

123(3.9)

    Yes

2345

100(4.3)

87(3.7)

98(4.2)

  Only child

0.562

0.437

0.542

    No

4157

185(4.5)

168(4.0)

170(4.1)

    Yes

1372

56(4.1)

49(3.6)

51(3.7)

  Passive smoking

0.953

0.333

0.431

    No

3110

136(4.4)

129(4.1)

130(4.2)

    Yes

2419

105(4.3)

88(3.6)

91(3.8)

  Regular physical examination

0.367

0.399

0.044^*

    No

634

32(5.0)

21(3.3)

16(2.5)

    Yes

4895

209(4.3)

196(4.0)

205(4.2)

Mothers levels

  Maternal age at delivery (years)

0.803

0.069

0.119

    <20

25

2(8.0)

3(12.0)

2(8.0)

    20-24

394

20(5.1)

20(5.1)

26(6.6)

    25-29

1702

79(4.6)

76(4.5)

67(3.9)

    30-34

2258

92(4.1)

70(3.1)

82(3.6)

    35-39

806

35(4.3)

32(4.0)

34(4.2)

    ≥40

344

13(3.8)

16(4.7)

10(2.9)

  Maternal gestational weight gain (kg)

0.015^*

0.040^*

0.072

    <10.00

1058

63(6.0)

52(4.9)

55(5.2)

    10.00-14.99

2356

95(4.0)

96(4.1)

89(3.8)

    15.00-19.99

1402

62(4.4)

53(3.8)

45(3.2)

    ≥20.00

713

21(2.9)

16(2.2)

32(4.5)

  Maternal moderate/severe anemia

0.954

0.907

0.710

    No

5258

229(4.4)

206(3.9)

209(4.0)

    Yes

271

12(4.4)

11(4.1)

12(4.4)

  Pregnancy comorbidity

0.684

0.205

0.114

    No

4982

219(4.4)

201(4.0)

206(4.1)

    Yes

547

22(4.0)

16(2.9)

15(2.7)

Caregivers and family levels

  Type of caregivers

0.220

0.327

0.355

    Parents

3711

153(4.1)

139(3.7)

142(3.8)

    Grandparents/other

1818

88(4.8)

78(4.3)

79(4.3)

  Ethnicity of caregivers

0.003^*

<0.001^*

<0.001^*

    Han

5005

205(4.1)

177(3.5)

163(3.3)

    Minorities

524

36(6.9)

40(7.6)

58(11.1)

  Education level of caregivers

0.001^*

0.003^*

<0.001^*

    Primary school or below

1116

63(5.6)

54(4.8)

64(5.7)

    Junior high school

2121

106(5.0)

96(4.5)

93(4.4)

    Senior high school

1248

46(3.7)

45(3.6)

36(2.9)

    College or above

1044

26(2.5)

22(2.1)

28(2.7)

  Occupation of caregivers

0.105

0.795

0.138

    Housework

3175

157(4.9)

129(4.1)

132(4.2)

    Government agencies staff

673

20(3.0)

23(3.4)

19(2.8)

    Business services staff

457

15(3.3)

16(3.5)

12(2.6)

    Farmer

355

16(4.5)

17(4.8)

15(4.2)

    Other

869

33(3.8)

32(3.7)

43(4.9)

  Family size

0.307

0.054

0.039^*

    ≤4

1644

62(3.8)

51(3.1)

56(3.4)

    5-6

2963

133(4.5)

120(4.0)

115(3.9)

    ≥7

922

46(5.0)

46(5.0)

50(5.4)

  Family income ( Yuan/year)

0.080

0.010^*

0.094

    <20000

237

14(5.9)

17(7.2)

15(6.3)

    20000-39999

612

35(5.7)

32(5.2)

27(4.4)

    40000-59999

1275

61(4.8)

50(3.9)

58(4.5)

    ≥60000

3405

131(3.8)

118(3.5)

121(3.6)

  Family food expenditure (Yuan/year)

0.004^*

0.008^*

0.002^*

    <2000

127

10(7.9)

8(6.3)

5(3.9)

    2000-3999

585

39(6.7)

36(6.2)

40(6.8)

    4000-5999

789

34(4.3)

33(4.2)

35(4.4)

    ≥6000

4028

158(3.9)

140(3.5)

141(3.5)

Total

5529

241(4.4)

217(3.9)

221(4.0)