Do the implementation processes of a school-based daily physical activity (DPA) program vary according to the socioeconomic context of the schools? a realist evaluation of the Active at school program

Gosselin, Véronique; Laberge, Suzanne

doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12797-7

Table 5 What worked, for whom, and why? Outcome and mechanism variables in function of participating schools’ socioeconomic and geographic setting

From: Do the implementation processes of a school-based daily physical activity (DPA) program vary according to the socioeconomic context of the schools? a realist evaluation of the Active at school program

	% of all schools	% of schools according to socioeconomic setting
OUTCOMES—all variables	(N = 389)	High SES	Middle SES	Low SES	Urban	Rural
OUTCOMES—all variables	(N = 389)	(N = 89; U = 73; R = 16)	(N = 159; U = 100; R = 59)	(N = 141; U = 91, R = 50)	(N = 264)	(N = 125)
Implementation of new PA routines
Class: Active breaks	94.5	94.2	96.2	92.6	94.4	94.6
Class: Active learning activities	76.3	76.7	79.0	75.6	75.4	78.3
School: Active recesses	85.9				84.3	89.1
Urban		84.7	81.0	87.4
Rural		85.7^{a, b}	82.5^b	95.9^a
School: Active assemblies	80.6	80.2	83.4	76.5	81.7	78.3
School: Active hallways	74.1	76.7	72.0	75.0	74.6	72.9
School: Outdoor field trips	79.3	81.4	79.0	77.2	75.7	86.8*
Daycare services: Implementation of new PA routines	86.6				92.2	75.2***
Urban		97.2^a	94.0^{a, b}	87.4^b*
Rural		71.4	77.2	71.4
Staff engagement towards active time
Homeroom teachers more engaged	69.3	72.1	68.8	67.6	67.9	72.1
Homeroom teachers less engaged	4.5	1.2^a	3.8^{a, b}	7.4^b*	4.1	4.7
PE teachers more engaged	61.5	70.9^a	62.4^{a, b}	55.1^b*	60.8	62.8
PE teachers less engaged	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daycare educators more engaged	56.9	58.1	57.3	55.1	56.3	58.1
Daycare educators less engaged	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.7	0.7	0.0
Perceived value of PA
Greater perceived value of PA for its contribution to academic success	84.9				84.3	86.0
Urban		91.7^a	85.0^{a, b}	79.3^b*
Rural		85.7^{a, b}	80.7^b	93.9^a*
MECHANISMS—Selected variables
Local leadership
Leader maintained	78.6				77.6	80.6
Urban		81.9	80.0	73.6
Rural		64.3^a	80.7^{a, b}	87.8^b*
Committee maintained	60.5				64.2	52.7*
Urban		76.4^a	67.0^a	50.6^b**
Rural		42.9	57.9	49.0
Champions recognized	48.1				48.1	48.1
Urban		56.9^a	51.0^{a, b}	37.9^b*
Rural		64.3	45.6	49
Resource mobilization and links with other organizations
Strategies implemented to update activities	56.2				55.6	57.4
Urban		55.6^{a, b}	67.0^b	46.0^a*
Rural		50.0	54.4	59.2
Partnerships formed with outside organizations	33.5	31.4	34.4	35.3	30.2	40.3*
Participation
Students involved in setting up activities	66.5				65.1	68.2
Urban		68.1	68.0	60.9
Rural		50.0^a	61.4^a	79.6^b*

SES socioeconomic status, N number of participants, U Urban, R Rural. * indicates a significant difference (p-value < 0.05) between groups; ** indicates a significant difference (p-value < 0.01) between groups; *** indicates a significant difference (p-value < 0.001) between groups. In the case of differences according to socioeconomic settings, values on the same line with different superscripts (a, b) differ significantly at p < 0.05. ^aTo simplify the presentation, only mechanism variables showing significant differences have been included in the Table. Results are presented according to socioeconomic setting for rural and urban schools separately when there was an interaction between the two settings.

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