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Table 6 Substitutes for chocolate, cookies, and coffee according to sex, age, BMI, and being a stress-eater

From: Stress eating: an online survey of eating behaviours, comfort foods, and healthy food substitutes in German adults

  

Sexb

Age

BMI

Stress-eatersg

Comfort food

Substitutea

OR [95% CI]c

pd

OR [95% CI]

pe

OR [95% CI]

pf

OR [95% CI]

ph

Chocolate

Dried fruits, berries

0.99 [0.71; 1.36]

0.93

1.00 [0.99; 1.01]

0.97

0.98 [0.95; 1.01]

0.13

1.06 [0.82; 1.36]

0.66

Fresh fruits, berries

1.06 [0.73; 1.53]

0.76

0.98 [0.97; 0.99]

0.003

0.98 [0.95; 1.02]

0.35

0.68 [0.51; 0.91]

0.009

Dark chocolate

1.01 [0.71; 1.43]

0.95

0.99 [0.98; 1.00]

0.11

0.98 [0.95; 1.01]

0.24

1.01 [0.77; 1.33]

0.92

Chocolate milk without added sugar

0.97 [0.65; 1.48]

0.88

0.98 [0.97; 0.99]

0.003

1.02 [0.98; 1.06]

0.35

1.55 [1.12; 2.14]

0.008

Pudding, cream desserts

0.88 [0.63; 1.25]

0.47

0.99 [0.98; 1.00]

0.07

1.01 [0.98; 1.05]

0.37

1.41 [1.08; 1.86]

0.01

Yoghurt, curd without added sugar

0.88 [0.64; 1.22]

0.44

1.00 [0.99; 1.01]

0.95

0.99 [0.96; 1.02]

0.66

0.90 [0.70; 1.15]

0.40

Muesli/fruit bar

0.61 [0.43; 0.84]

0.003

0.98 [0.97; 0.99]

<  0.001

0.99 [0.96; 1.02]

0.58

1.28 [0.99; 1.66]

0.05

Fruit/energy balls

1.45 [0.98; 2.19]

0.07

0.98 [0.96; 0.99]

<  0.001

0.99 [0.95; 1.02]

0.55

1.37 [1.03; 1.83]

0.03

Chocolate fruits

2.07 [1.47; 2.94]

< 0.001

0.97 [0.96; 0.98]

< 0.001

0.99 [0.96; 1.02]

0.60

1.32 [1.02; 1.70]

0.04

Other

1.46 [0.81; 2.79]

0.23

1.04 [1.03; 1.06]

< 0.001

0.97 [0.92; 1.02]

0.29

1.15 [0.74; 1.77]

0.54

Cookies

Dried fruits, berries

0.68 [0.47; 0.98]

0.04

1.00 [0.99; 1.02]

0.36

0.96 [0.93; 1.00]

0.04

1.00 [0.76; 1.33]

0.98

Crispbread, rice wafers, rusk

1.67 [1.16; 2.41]

0.006

0.99 [0.98; 1.00]

0.01

1.00 [0.97; 1.04]

0.87

0.91 [0.67; 1.21]

0.54

Muesli/fruit bar

0.74 [0.51; 1.06]

0.10

0.99 [0.98; 1.00]

0.01

0.97 [0.94; 1.01]

0.13

1.40 [1.05; 1.86]

0.02

Popcorn without salt or added sugar

1.27 [0.81; 2.04]

0.31

0.98 [0.97; 1.00]

0.02

1.00 [0.96; 1.04]

0.91

1.42 [1.01; 2.00]

0.04

Fresh fruits, berries

0.78 [0.53; 1.14]

0.21

0.99 [0.98; 1.00]

0.09

0.98 [0.95; 1.02]

0.34

0.78 [0.58; 1.05]

0.10

Nuts-fruits-mixtures

0.83 [0.58; 1.20]

0.33

1.01 [0.99; 1.02]

0.14

0.97 [0.94; 1.00]

0.10

1.14 [0.86; 1.51]

0.37

Other

1.02 [0.31; 4.62]

0.98

1.03 [1.00; 1.07]

0.04

0.98 [0.85; 1.08]

0.69

1.09 [0.40; 3.07]

0.87

Coffee

Decaffeinated coffee

1.90 [1.25; 2.96]

0.003

1.01 [1.00; 1.02]

0.03

0.98 [0.95; 1.02]

0.27

1.37 [1.01; 1.87]

0.05

Tea without added sugar

1.41 [0.97; 2.04]

0.07

1.00 [0.98; 1.01]

0.39

0.95 [0.92; 0.99]

0.007

0.78 [0.58; 1.06]

0.11

Sparkling fruit juice

0.74 [0.49; 1.13]

0.15

0.99 [0.98; 1.01]

0.40

1.05 [1.01; 1.09]

0.01

0.78 [0.55; 1.12]

0.18

Infused water

1.15 [0.72; 1.88]

0.56

1.00 [0.99; 1.01]

1.00

1.00 [0.96; 1.04]

0.94

0.89 [0.62; 1.29]

0.55

Chocolate milk without added sugar

0.67 [0.41; 1.14]

0.13

0.98 [0.97; 1.00]

0.07

1.03 [0.98; 1.07]

0.30

1.10 [0.71; 1.72]

0.68

Water

0.68 [0.47; 0.97]

0.03

1.00 [0.99; 1.02]

0.43

1.00 [0.97; 1.03]

0.97

0.88 [0.67; 1.18]

0.39

Light, zero drinks

0.62 [0.39; 0.99]

0.04

0.99 [0.97; 1.00]

0.11

1.03 [0.99; 1.07]

0.14

2.11 [1.42; 3.16]

< 0.001

Other

2.37 [0.64; 15.32]

0.26

1.01 [0.97; 1.04]

0.74

1.01 [0.90; 1.11]

0.86

0.70 [0.27; 1.79]

0.45

  1. aReference = “not considered”
  2. bReference = “men”
  3. cOR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
  4. dBinary logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, BMI, and being a self-identified stress-eater; p-value < 0.002 is considered as statistically significant
  5. eBinary logistic regression analysis adjusted for sex, BMI, and being a self-identified stress-eater; p-value < 0.002 is considered as statistically significant
  6. fBinary logistic regression analysis adjusted for sex, age, and being a self-identified stress-eater; p-value < 0.002 is considered as statistically significant
  7. gReference = “self-identified non-stress-eaters”
  8. fBinary logistic regression analysis adjusted for sex, age, and BMI; p-value < 0.002 is considered as statistically significant
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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