Table 1 Description and sources of variables used
Definition | Unit | Data Source (data year) | |
|---|---|---|---|
Fluoroquinolone Resistant E. coli | Proportion of blood culture E. coli isolates tested per country that were resistant to at least one fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin) | % | CDDEP Resistance Map (2020) [16] WHO GLASS Report Early Implementation (2017–2018) [17] |
Unsafely Managed Sanitation | Proportion of a country’s population using a sanitation service that does not meet the criteria for safely managed sanitation, that is “use of improved facilities that are not shared with other households and where excreta are safely disposed of in situ or transported and treated offsite” | % | WHO/UNICEF JMP Report on Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (2017) [12] |
Unsafely Managed Water | Proportion of a country’s population using a drinking water service that does not meet the criteria for safely managed drinking water, that is “drinking water from an improved water source that is located on premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination” | % | WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program Report on Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (2017) [12] |
Human Fluoroquinolone Consumption | Defined Daily Doses (DDD) of fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin) consumed per 1000 population per year | DDD/1000/y | |
Total Human Antibiotic Consumption | DDD of all antibiotics consumed per 1000 population per year | DDD/1000/y | CDDEP Resistance Map (2015) [16] |
Animal Antimicrobial Consumption | Total antimicrobial consumption by animals per year in mg per population correction unit (PCU) | Mg/PCU | CDDEP Resistance Map (2013) [16] |
Population Density | Population per square kilometre of land area | Pop/km2 | World Bank (2019) [18] |
Gross National Income | The sum of value (in US dollars) added by all resident producers in a country plus any product taxes not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income from abroad, divided by the mid-year population | US dollars | World Bank (2019) [19] |
Corruption Perceptions Index | A ranking of countries, on a scale of 1 to 100, based on their perceived levels of corruption (misuse of public power for private benefit), as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys | NA | Transparency International (2019) [20] |
Education Level | The mean number of completed years of education | Years | Our World in Data – Global Education (2017) [21] |
Healthcare Access and Quality Index | A score out of a total of 100 based on measuring mortality rates from diseases that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care | NA | Our World in Data -Healthcare Access and Quality (2015) [22] |
Average Annual Temperature (degrees Celsius) | Average national temperature in degrees Celsius | °C | Lebanese Economy Forum (2015) [23] |
Livestock Production Index | Index of production of meat and milk from all sources, dairy products such as cheese, and eggs, honey, raw silk, wool and hides and skins relative to the base period 2004–2006 | NA | World Bank (2016) [24] |
Crop Production Index | Index of agricultural production for each year relative to the base period 2004–2006 | NA | World Bank (2016) [25] |
Aquaculture Production | Quantity of cultivated fish and crustaceans taken from marine and inland waters and sea tanks in metric tons | Metric Tons | World Bank (2016) [26] |