Table 1 Characteristics and findings of the studies included
First author and year of publication | Characteristics of study sample | Methods | Primary outcome(s) | Main finding(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Baďura et al., 2018 [89] | n = 6935d 51% girls 13–15 years Czech Republic | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | PA (OLTA (team sports, individual sports and other activities)) | 79% of the respondents engaged in at least one OLTA per week. 34% of the respondents engaged in overall unstructured activities daily or at least twice a week. The selected unstructured activities were strongly associated with an increased occurrence of adolescents’ health-risk behaviours and low academic achievement. |
Baďura et al., 2017 [91] | n = 10,279d 51% girls 11–15 years Czech Republic | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | PA (OLTA (team sports, individual sports and other activities)) | 48% of the boys and 52% of the girls participated in OLTA. With increasing age, participation in OLTA decreases. OLTA participation was associated with a lower occurrence of repeated substance use and truancy and inversely with higher odds of physical fights and injuries. Girls, in general, were at lower risk when participating in OLTA than boys. |
Baďura et al., 2016 [92] | n = 10,483d 51% girls 11–15 years Czech Republic | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | PA (OLTA (team sports, individual sports and other activities)) | Involvement of adolescent in OLTA was linked to general better school performance and attachment to school. Adolescents participating in more activities at the same time had the best school performance. |
Baďura et al., 2015 [93] | n = 10,503d 51% girls 11–15 years Czech Republic | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | PA (OLTA (team sports, individual sports and other activities)) | 81% of the respondents participated in one or more OLTA. Participation in OLTA was associated with better physical and mental health in adolescents. The association varies according to the pattern of participation in activity and was partly gender- and age-specific. |
Bešič et al., 2016 [44] | n = 174 48% girls 9–11 years Olomouc region | Device-measured (ActiGraph GT3X and GT3X+ accelerometers, hip-worn, 7 consecutive days, >10 valid hours per day, at least 4 weekdays and 1 weekend day, CoP by Freedson, 2005) | PA (total, LPA, MPA, VPA) | The boys had higher BMI, spent more time on VPA, and showed better results in health-related physical fitness than the girls. Those children who spent more time on VPA were more likely to have better cardiorespiratory fitness. |
Bláha et al., 2019 [54] | n = 639 46% girls 11–16 years North-western Bohemia region | Device-measured (Digi-walker Yamax SW-200 and SW-700 pedometers, at least 5–6 weekdays and 1 weekend day) | PA (steps per day) | The boys achieved more steps per day (by 1000 steps) than the girls. Weekday steps per day were significantly higher than weekend steps per day. |
Bláha et al., 2010 [55] | n = 1185 59% girls 11–16 years North-western Bohemia region | Self-reported (PA and SB questionnaire) | PA (OLTA, PI) | The participation in OLTA was, on average, 8% higher in the boys than the girls on all days of the week and decreased with age, particularly in the girls. The boys had 6% higher ST than the girls on all days of the week. |
Bucksch et al., 2019 [23] | n = 5082d 52% girls 11–15 years Czech Republicb | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | PA (MVPA) SB (ST) | Meeting the MVPA recommendation was reported by 21.5% of Czech adolescents. Low (less than 3.5 h per school day), medium (3.5-7), and high (more than 7) ST levels were reported by 30.7%, 35%, and 34.4% of Czech adolescents, respectively. The social and environmental correlates differed for the MVPA and ST of the adolescents. |
de Gouw et al., 2010 [41] | n = 30,966d 56% girls 10–18 years Czech Republic | Self-reported (questionnaire) | PA (total, up to 7 h per week or > 7 h per week) SB (ST) | 60% of the respondents performed PA during the week. The boys were more physically active, watched more television, and used a computer more often than the girls. Watching TV for more than 7 h a week was positively associated with being overweight/obese in 15-18-year-old girls and was found to be negatively associated in boys of the same age group. |
Dygrýn et al., 2015 [34] | n = 6236 50% girls 12–17 years Olomouc and Hradec Králové regions | Self-reported (national 2011 Czech Census of Population and Housing) | PA (AT – commuting to/from school) | A decrease in the proportion of active commuting to school between 2001 and 2011 was observed in 47% of the respondents. Between 2001 and 2011, the proportion of adolescents actively commuting to school decreased by 47%, from an absolute rate of 49.1–26%. The proportion of active commuters fell in low-walkable areas by 61% and in high-walkable areas by 39%. The adolescents were 2.7 times less likely to commute actively in 2011 than in 2001. |
Frömel et al., 2020a [24] | n = 1462 64% girls 15–19 years Czech Republicb | Self-reported (IPAQ-LF) | PA (total, VPA, MVPA, AT) | A higher rate of AT was only significantly associated with higher well-being in the girls. AT accounted for 22.5% and 24.9% of the weekly PA of Czech boys and girls, respectively. |
Frömel et al., 2020b [75] | n = 596 62% girls 15–19 years Czech Republic | Device-measured (Digi-walker Yamax SW-700 pedometer) Self-reported (IPAQ-LF) | PA (steps per day) | The stronger negative associations between depressive symptoms and PA (especially recreational PA) were confirmed. The girls who reported the fewest depressive symptoms had 2.12 times greater odds of meeting the 11,000 steps per day recommendation than did the girls with the most depressive symptoms. |
Frömel et al., 2018 [25] | n = 1117 60% girls 15–17 years Czech Republicb | Self-reported (IPAQ-LF) | PA (total, VPA, MPA, LPA, MVPA) | The girls were found to be less active than the boys at high PA intensities. The recommendations for vigorous PA were met by 46% of the Czech boys and 33% of the girls. |
Frömel et al., 2017 [26] | n = 6371 60% girls 15–17 years Czech Republicb | Device-measured (Digi-walker Yamax SW-700 pedometer, at least 3 weekdays and 1 weekend day) Self-reported (IPAQ-LF, PA preferences questionnaire) | PA (total, VPA, MVPA, PA preferences, steps per day) | Agreement between preferred PA and that actually undertaken was associated with higher odds of meeting the weekly PA recommendations and higher levels of well-being both in boys and girls. |
Frömel et al., 2016a [69] | n = 641 68% girls Mean age: 16.6 years Czech Republic | Device-measured (ActiTrainer accelerometer, hip-worn, 3 school days; Digi-walker Yamax SW-700 pedometer; Polar heart rate sensor) | PA (school, MVPA during PE lessons and recess, steps per hour, steps per day) | Both the boys and girls participating in PE lessons reported significantly better results compared with non-participating individuals regarding all indicators of volume and intensity of school PA. An increase in school PA and an improved lifestyle in the adolescents on school days were supported significantly more by PE lessons than by a longer recess time. |
Frömel et al., 2016b [27] | n = 236 70% girls Mean age: 16.0 years Czech Republicb | Device-measured (ActiTrainer accelerometer, hip-worn, at least 1 school day and 1 weekend day, 15-s epoch; Polar heart rate sensor) | PA (total and school steps per hour, PI) | Both the boys and girls participated in more PA at lower intensities at weekends compared with school days. The time spent sitting (lying) in front of a computer was 60 min per day longer in the boys than in the girls. |
Frömel et al., 2007 [71] | n = 440 53% girls 15–20 years Czech Republic | Self-reported (IPAQ-LF) | PA (total and school, VPA, OLTA) | The boys were more active than the girls. Increasing age was associated with lower OLTA, AT, and school or work PA in the boys, and lower leisure-time and higher PA in the household and at school or work in the girls. |
Gába et al., 2020a [81] | n = 659 58% girls 8–18 years Czech Republic | Device-measured (ActiGraph GT9X Link or wGT3X-BT accelerometer, non-dominant wrist, 7 consecutive days, >16 valid hours per day, at least 4 weekdays and 1 weekend day) | PA (multi-day 24-h data; LPA, MVPA) SB (total sedentary time) | The children had more LPA than the adolescents by 26 min per day and more MVPA by 19 min per day. The adolescents had more SB than the children by 111 min per day. In the children, being a short sleeper was associated with higher SB by 95 min per day and lower MVPA by 16 min per day. In the adolescents, being a short sleeper was associated with a higher amount of time spent in SB by 67 min per day and lower LPA by 2 min per day. |
Gába et al., 2020b [52] | n = 425 58% girls 7–12 years Moravia region | Device-measured (ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer, hip-worn, 7 consecutive days, 60-s epoch, >10 valid hours per day, at least 4 weekdays and 1 weekend day, CoP by Evenson) | PA (total, LPA, MVPA) SB (total sedentary time) | The children spent 87% of their total SB time in sedentary bouts that were shorter than 30 min. The boys spent on average 9.9 min per day less in short sedentary bouts and 7.5 min per day more in long sedentary bouts compared with the girls. Adiposity status could be improved by increasing MVPA at the expense of time spent in medium-length sedentary bouts. Some benefits for adiposity were found for replacing middle sedentary bouts with short sedentary bouts. |
Gába et al., 2017 [53] | n = 365d 57% girls 7–12 years Moravia region | Device-measured (ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer, hip-worn, 7 consecutive days, 60-s epoch, >10 valid hours per day, at least 3 weekdays and 1 weekend day, CoP by Evenson) | PA (total, LPA, MVPA, VPA, steps per day) SB (total sedentary time) | In terms of their overall PA, the boys were more active than the girls. No associations were found between LPA and all body fatness indicators. MVPA was negatively associated with all body fatness indicators only in the girls. In contrast, vigorous PA was strongly negatively associated with body fatness indicators only in the boys. |
Groffik et al., 2020 [28] | n = 629 66% girls Mean age: 16.2 years Czech Republicb | Device-measured (ActiTrainer accelerometer, hip-worn, 4 consecutive days, at least 1–3 days, 15-s epoch; Digi-walker Yamax SW-700 pedometer; Polar heart rate sensor) Self-reported (IPAQ-LF) | PA (total and school, MVPA, steps/hour) | Participation in PE lessons was associated with a higher rate of meeting school PA recommendations. Compared with the Czech Republic, more PE lessons in the Polish education system were associated with increased daily VPA and a greater portion of school PA in daily PA. |
Hamřík et al., 2015 [29] | n =4404d 52% girls 11–15 years Czech Republicb | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | PA (total, VPA) SB (ST) | VPA was positively associated with the healthy development of adolescents. Screen-based behaviour showed an inverse relationship with adolescents’ healthy development, especially in the group of 11- and 13-year-old children. |
Hamřík et al., 2014 [80] | n = 4365d 52% girls 11–15 years Czech Republic | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | SB (ST) | The prevalence of SB rises with growing age, with the most visible increase in prevalence between age 11 and age 13. SB was significantly more prevalent among the adolescent boys compared with the adolescent girls. Czech adolescents were more likely not to meet the recommendation of 2 h for watching TV at weekends compared to weekdays. Playing computer games was more common among the boys, contrary to chatting online, which was more common among the girls. |
Hamřík et al., 2012 [83] | n = 4425d 52% girls 11–15 years Czech Republic | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | SB (ST) | More than 55% of the girls and 60% of the boys spent more than 2 h a day in front of a TV, DVD, or video screen in the working week. With age, the proportion of children who spent 2 or more hours a day using a computer increases. |
Hollein et al., 2018 [101] | n = 4404 52% girls 11–15 years Czech Republic | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | PA (AT – commuting to/from school) | 58% of the children used AT for commuting to and from school. Children actively commuted more often in schools which had formally processed health promotion objectives than in schools without these goals. In addition, children who had a school in the same village or city had a higher chance of AT than children who had a school elsewhere than in their place of residence. |
Hollein et al., 2017 [87] | n = 1522 52% girls 15 years Czech Republic | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | PA (AT – commuting to/from school) | School policies and programmes promoting AT to and from schools in the Czech Republic contributed to the use of AT. The association between school policies and programmes and AT was stronger in the boys compared to the girls. |
Jakubec et al., 2020 [58] | n = 679 57% girls 8–18 years Czech Republic | Device-measured (ActiGraph GT9X Link or wGT3X-BT accelerometer, non-dominant wrist, 7 consecutive days, >16 valid hours per day, at least 3 weekdays and 1 weekend day) Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | PA (multi-day 24-h data; LPA, MVPA) SB (ST) | No associations were found between meeting all three recommendations (≥60 min per day of MVPA, < 2 h per day of recreational ST, and uninterrupted sleep for 9–11 h per day (for children) or 8–10 h per day (for adolescents) within the 24-hour movement guidelines and adiposity indicators. However, meeting only the ST recommendation and the combination of the ST and sleep recommendations was associated with a reduced risk of excess adiposity. |
Kalman et al., 2015a [59] | n = 4385d 52% girls 11–15 years Czech Republic | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | PA (total, MVPA, VPA, motives for PA) | A substantial part of the boys and girls were not participating in MVPA and VPA as recommended. MVPA and VPA among the girls significantly decreased from age 11 to age 15. Compared to the girls, the boys reported significantly more MVPA and VPA in all age groups, except 11-year-old adolescents, where the levels of MVPA did not differ between the girls and boys. The girls appear to be more influenced by social motives. The importance of these motives became higher with increasing age. Achievement motivation for PA was more important for the boys and it also increased with age. |
Kalman et al., 2015b [30] | n = n/ad,e 11–15 years Czech Republicb | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | PA (total, MVPA) | In Czech adolescents, there was a decrease in meeting the MVPA recommendation of at least 60 min daily (4% and 3% for boys and girls, respectively) between 2002 and 2010. |
Kleszczewska et al., 2020 [31] | n = 11,553 11–15 years Czech Republicb | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | PA (AT – commuting to/from school) | In the Czech sample, passive means of transport, walking, and cycling were found in 35, 62.1, and 2.9% of the adolescents, respectively. Cycling to school was protective against reports of health complaints. Adolescents who commuted to school actively were less likely to report especially psychological symptoms. |
Kokko et al., 2018 [32] | n = 10,501d 11–15 years Czech Republicb | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | PA (total, VPA, OLTA) | 62% of the Czech children and adolescents (boys: 70%; girls: 55%; 11-, 13-, and 15-year-olds: 66, 64, and 57%, respectively) took part in OLTA. Participants in OLTA were more likely to meet the overall PA recommendations and VPA recommendations than non-participants. |
Kopčáková et al., 2017 [35] | n = 3481d 11–15 years Czech Republicb | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | PA (total, MVPA) SB (ST) | An environment perceived as activity-friendly was associated with higher odds of adolescents meeting the recommendations for PA and lower odds of excessive screen-based activities. |
Kudláček et al., 2020 [46] | n = 2334 65% girls 15–18 years Czech Republicb | Device-measured (Digi-walker Yamax SW-700 pedometer) Self-reported (IPAQ-LF, QPAP) | PA (steps per day, VPA, MVPA, preferences for fitness PA) | The preference for fitness PA in the boys was highly stable over the 8-year study period, with fitness PA ranked third after team and individual PA. For the girls, an increasing trend was observed in the preference for fitness PA at the expense of dance and outdoor PA. In both the boys and girls, those who preferred fitness PA were more likely to achieve the recommended weekly PA level than those who did not prefer fitness PA. |
Kudláček, 2015 [45] | n = 238 55% girls Mean age: 17.0 years Olomouc and Hradec Králové regions | Self-reported (IPAQ-LF; questionnaire – Sport Preferences Survey) | PA (total, MPA, VPA, walking, leisure-time PA, school PA, PA preferences) | The students from Vrchlabí showed a significantly higher level of leisure-time PA than the students from Olomouc, who reported a significantly higher level of school-based PA. |
Maliňáková et al., 2018 [98] | n = 4182d 51% girls Mean age: 14.4 years Czech Republic | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | PA SB (ST) | Both spirituality and religious attendance of adolescents reduced the likelihood of excessive watching TV and playing computer games. Adolescent religious attendance and spirituality were associated with a more active way of spending leisure time (sporting and non-sporting activities and regularly reading books or playing a musical instrument). |
Miklánková et al., 2013 [99] | n = 124 6–11 years Czech Republic | Device-measured (Caltrac accelerometer, Digi-walker Yamax SW-200 pedometer, hip-worn, 7 consecutive days | PA (steps per day, active energy expenditure) | High levels of PA were found in all segments of the day and week (except weekend days) in the 10-11-year-old children compared to the 6-9-year-old children. |
Mitáš et al., 2020 [60] | n = 1908 59% girls 15–19 years Czech Republic | Device-measured (Digi-walker Yamax SW-700 pedometer; Polar heart rate sensor) Self-reported (IPAQ-LF) | PA (steps per day, MVPA) | Considering average steps per day and an achievement of 11,000 steps per day, a continuous significant decrease was found between 2010 and 2017 in the adolescent girls (by 18%) and boys (by 28%). The estimates of meeting the recommended weekly PA expressed as MET-min per week were not so convincing with regard to the decrease. Given the lowest amount of PA on Sunday, the combination of weekend days with Monday represents a great risk for young people in terms of health. |
Mitáš et al., 2009 [70] | n = 302 54% girls 14–15 years Czech Republic | Self-reported (IPAQ-LF) | PA (total, MPA, VPA, walking) SB (total sedentary time) | The girls were significantly more likely to be sitting than the boys. Children living in a middle-sized to large-sized community and living in an apartment were significantly more likely to be sitting. |
Ng et al., 2020 [57] | n = 4809d 52% girls 11–15 years Czech Republicb | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | PA (MVPA) | The Czech girls had better perceived school performance than the boys, and yet more boys than girls participated in daily MVPA. The associations between perceived school performance and MVPA showed an inverted U shape. The strongest association for very good perceived school performance was among young adolescents who reported 5 to 6 days of MVPA after controlling for family affluence scale. |
Nováková Lokvencová et al., 2011 [68] | n = 383 53% girls 15–16 years Czech Republicb | Device-measured (Digi-walker Yamax SW-700 pedometer, 7 consecutive days) | PA (total, steps per day) | The Czech boys and girls showed a significantly higher number of steps on school days than on weekend days. The differences in the daily number of steps between the Czech boys and girls were not significant on any day. The respondents reached the largest number of steps on Friday and the lowest number of steps on Sunday. |
Pavelka et al., 2017 [86] | n = 12,273 51% girls 11–15 years Czech Republic | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | PA (AT – commuting to/from school) | AT to school decreased sharply among Czech children of school age from 2006 to 2014 (by 21.7% in the boys and by 23% in the girls). Walking was the most frequently used mode of AT. The boys were significantly more likely to cycle to school compared to the girls. |
Pavelka et al., 2016 [79] | n = 418d 54% girls 11–15 years Olomouc regionb | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | SB (ST) | Two-thirds of the respondents watched television or used a computer for at least two hours a day. The older children spent excessive amounts of time watching television. |
Pavelka et al., 2012 [61] | n = 4425d 52% girls 11–15 years Czech Republic | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | PA (AT – commuting to/from school) | AT to and from school was opted for in the Czech Republic by approximately two-thirds of the children aged 11 to 15. Differences between genders were not significant; the largest percentage of children who opted for AT were aged 11 (69%). An important factor increasing the probability of AT by as much as 16 times was whether a child’s place of residence was in the same municipality as the school. |
Pelclová et al., 2010aa [47] | n = 13 85% girls Mean age: 15.6 years Olomouc region | Device-measured (Omron HJ-105 pedometer, waist, 10 months, >10 valid hours per day) | PA (steps per day, OLTA) | Regardless of the day, month, and season, the high school pupils who participated in regular OLTA achieved a mean of approximately 4000 more steps per day than the pupils who did not participate in after-school PA. |
Pelclová et al., 2010ba [48] | n = 12 83% girls Mean age: 16.0 years Olomouc region | Device-measured (Omron HJ-105 pedometer, hip-worn, 10 months, >10 valid hours per day) | PA (steps per day, school PA) | Across all months and seasons, high school pupils achieved notably more steps on weekdays than at weekends, and on PE days than on non-PE days. The total contribution of PE lessons (lasting 90 min) to the pupils’ daily PA was 10.0% additional steps per PE day. The lowest mean step counts were in February and the highest in June. |
Roubalová et al., 2018a [37] | n = 22 100% girls 6–11 years Moravia region | Device-measured (ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer, hip-worn, 7 consecutive days, 60-s epoch, >10 valid hours per day, at least 3 weekdays and 1 weekend day, CoP by Evenson) | PA (total, LPA, MVPA) SB (total sedentary time) | Seasonal differences were found in the volume of PA (LPA, MVPA) and SB in younger school-age girls. The highest values of SB were found in autumn (November). The lowest values of SB and the highest values of LPA and MVPA were found in spring (May). The younger girls reported lower values of SB and higher values of PA in all the seasons that were monitored than the older girls. |
Rubín et al., 2020 [62] | n = 679 56% girls 8–18 years Czech Republic | Device-measured (ActiGraph GT9X Link or wGT3X-BT accelerometer, non-dominant wrist, 7 consecutive days, >16 valid hours per day, at least 4 weekdays and 1 weekend day) | PA (multi-day 24-h data; LPA, MVPA) SB (ST) | Approximately 6.5% of the children and 2.2% of the adolescents met all the recommendations of the combined 24-h movement guidelines and several correlates related to family were identified. In the children, girls and participants with overweight or obese fathers had significantly lower odds of adherence to the combined movement guidelines. |
Sigmund et al., 2020a [76] | n = 796 4–16 years Mean age: 10.0 years Czech Republic | Device-measured (Digi-walker Yamax SW-200 pedometer, 8 consecutive days, >6 valid hours per day) | PA (steps per day, OLTA) SB (ST) | The mother’s overweight/obesity significantly increases her children’s odds of overweight/obesity. Concerning fathers, active participation in OLTA and reaching 10,000 steps per day significantly reduce the odds of overweight/obesity in their children and adolescent offspring. |
Sigmund et al., 2020b [82] | n = 1114d 51% girls 6–16 years Czech Republic | Device-measured (Digi-walker Yamax SW-200 pedometer, hip-worn, 8 consecutive days, >8 valid hours per day), at least 4 weekdays and 2 weekend days) | PA (steps per day, OLTA) | Regardless of their parents’ overweight/obesity, the children who participated in OLTA ≥three times a week had a lower prevalence of obesity than the children without participation in OLTA (5.0% vs. 11.1%). |
Sigmund et al., 2018a [77] | n = 649d 51% girls Mean age: 9.3 years Czech Republic | Device-measured (Digi-walker Yamax SW-200 pedometer, hip-worn, 8 consecutive days, >8 valid hours per day), at least 4 weekdays and 2 weekend days) | PA (total, steps per day, OLTA) SB (ST) | The mother’s PA (achievement of at least 10,000 steps per day) was associated with the achievement of recommended daily steps in overweight/obese preschool and school-aged children. |
Sigmund et al., 2018b [63] | n = 18,250d 51% girls 10.5–16.5 years Czech Republic | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | PA (MVPA) SB (ST) | A significant decrease was revealed in the rates of meeting the MVPA recommendation in the low-family affluence boys (from 28.9% in 2002 to 23.3% in 2014) and girls (22.3% in 2002 to 17.3% in 2014). A significant trend-related increase in excessive ST was evident in the adolescents, regardless of gender and the family affluence category. While in the high-family affluence boys category of adolescents, achieving 60 min of MVPA daily and the absence of excessive ST on weekdays significantly reduced their odds of being overweight/obese, in the low- family affluence adolescents this was not the case. |
Sigmund et al., 2015a [64] | n = 19,940d 51% girls 10.5–16.5 years Czech Republic | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | PA (MVPA, VPA) SB (ST) | Between the years 2002 and 2014, significant decreases in meeting the MVPA recommendations were evident for both adolescent boys and girls. Moreover, increases in excessive ST on weekdays and at weekends were found in the boys. |
Sigmund et al., 2015b [85] | n = 485 51% girls 9–12 years Czech Republic | Device-measured (Digi-walker Yamax SW-200 pedometer, 7 consecutive days, >10 valid hours per day, at least 4 weekdays and 2 weekend days) | PA (total, steps per day) SB (ST) | A quantifiable relationship between parent-child steps per day and mothers’ ST and children’s steps at weekends was found. Each 1000-step increase in mothers’ (fathers’) steps per weekend day was associated with an extra 523 steps per day in their daughters and 508 steps per day in their sons. A reduction in mothers’ ST by 30 min per weekend day was associated with an extra 494 steps per day in their daughters and 467 steps per day in their sons. |
Sigmund et al., 2014 [65] | n = 338 50% girls 9–11 years Czech Republic | Device-measured (ActiTrainer accelerometer, waist, 2 consecutive days, >12 valid hours per day, 15-s epoch) | PA (LPA, MVPA) SB (total sedentary time) | Participation in PE lessons led to higher school and daily MVPA in the overweight/obese and normal-weight girls and boys. Participation in PE lessons also reduced school-time SB in the overweight/obese children and normal-weight girls. |
Sigmund et al., 2013a [49] | n = 176d 48% girls 10–12 years Olomouc region | Device-measured (Digi-walker Yamax SW-200 pedometer, hip-worn, 7 consecutive days, >12 valid hours per day) | PA (steps per day) | The study indicated favourable effects of a daily school-based PA intervention programme on the lower incidence of overweight/obesity, which was maintained two years after the end of the direct involvement of the researchers. |
Sigmund et al., 2012c [50] | n = 176 48% girls 6–9 years Olomouc region | Device-measured (Caltrac accelerometer, Digi-walker Yamax SW-200 pedometer, hip-worn, 7 consecutive days, >8 valid hours per day) | PA (steps per day) | School-based PA (PE lessons, PA during short breaks and longer recesses, PA at the after-school nursery) in compatible active environments (child-friendly gym and school playground, corridors with movement and playing around corners and for games) had a vital role in reducing obesity and overweight among younger pupils. |
Sigmund et al., 2011c [51] | n = 176 48% girls 6–8 years Olomouc region | Device-measured (Caltrac accelerometer, Digi-walker Yamax SW-200 pedometer; hip-worn, 7 consecutive days, >8 valid hours per day) | PA (steps per day) | Higher school PA significantly enhances the inhibition of the decline in daily PA and the increase of obesity in 6-8-year-old children. After two years of the intervention programme, there was no occurrence of obesity in any child in the experimental group, and yet 22% of the girls and 23% of the boys in the control group were obese. |
Sigmund et al., 2009a [100] | n = 176 48% girls 5–7 years Czech Republic | Device-measured (Caltrac accelerometer, Digi-walker Yamax SW-200 pedometer; hip-worn, 7 consecutive days, >8 valid hours per day) | PA (steps per day) | The first-grade schoolchildren had lower PA than the children attending pre-school on weekdays and at weekends. There was a decline in PA on weekdays during time spent at school and not during the children’s after-school leisure time. |
Sigmund et al., 2008 [42] | n = 193 44% girls 8–13 years Olomouc region | Self-reported (IPAQ-SF) | PA (total, OLTA, VPA, MPA, walking) SB (sitting time) | A longer duration of total PA in daughters, sons, and their fathers and mothers was related to a shorter daily period of time spent sitting. A longer time spent sitting by parents daily was associated with a longer time spent sitting by their children. Children, both daughters and sons, and their mothers who participate in OLTA twice or more times a week showed a significantly longer time spent performing VPA than children whose mothers are without any participation in OLTA. |
Sigmund et al., 2007 [43] | n = 67 48% girls 9–11 years Olomouc region | Device-measured (Caltrac accelerometer, Digi-walker Yamax SW-200 pedometer, 7 consecutive days) | PA (steps per day) | More than 73% of the participating children who were physically active at the weekend at least at the same level as on school days met the health-related PA recommendations for this age category. The weekly number of steps for children who met the health recommendations was 6000 steps per day higher than for the children who did not meet the health recommendations. |
Sigmundová et al., 2020a [95] | n = 1795 4–16 years Czech Republic | Device-measured (Digi-walker Yamax SW-200 pedometer; hip-worn, 7 consecutive days, < 8 valid hours per day) | PA (steps per day) | A strong parent-child step count relationship was found in the children younger than eight years of age. In the older children, the parent-child step count association was gender-specific and dominated by the father-son relationship, particularly at weekends. |
Sigmundová et al., 2020b [102] | n = 1284 51% girls 4–16 years Czech Republic | Device-measured (Digi-walker Yamax SW-200 pedometer, 8 consecutive days) | PA (steps per day, OLTA) SB (ST) | Despite the different mother-/father-child behavioural associations, the daily step counts of the parents were positively associated with the daily step counts of their children. For both overweight/obese and non-overweight children, the odds of reaching the recommended daily step counts were increased by their regular participation (≥twice per week) in OLTA and non-excessive entertainment ST (≤2 h per day) in the mother-child and nuclear family triads. |
Sigmundová et al., 2018 [72] | n = 649d 51% girls 7–11 years Czech Republic | Device-measured (Digi-walker Yamax SW-200 pedometer; hip-worn, 8 consecutive days, >8 valid hours per day, at least 4 weekdays and 2 weekend days) | PA (steps per day) SB (ST) | High levels of parents’ PA contributed to the achievement of the recommended daily PA in children on weekdays and at weekends. Excessive weekend ST of parents reduced the odds of their children achieving the recommended daily PA; however, the influence of parents’ PA on their children’s achieving the recommended daily PA was stronger than the inhibitory effect of ST. |
Sigmundová et al., 2017 [84] | n = 16,535d 51% girls 11–15 years Czech Republic | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | SB (ST) | The boys and girls surveyed in 2014 were up to two times more likely to meet the recommendations for watching television in comparison with groups of schoolchildren of the same age surveyed in 2002. In contrast, computer use by adolescents increased markedly between 2006 and 2014. Taking total ST into account, spending two hours per day or less on it decreased significantly among boys and girls between 2006 and 2014. |
Sigmundová et al., 2014 [73] | n = 485 51% girls 9–12 years Czech Republic | Device-measured (Digi-walker Yamax SW-200 pedometer; 7 consecutive days, >10 valid hours per day) | PA (steps per day) SB (ST) | The children of fathers and mothers who met the weekend recommendation of 10,000 steps were 5.48 and 3.60 times respectively more likely to achieve the weekend recommendation than the children of less active parents. The children of mothers who reached the weekday pedometer-based step count recommendation were 4.94 times more likely to fulfil the step count recommendation on weekdays than the children of less active mothers. |
Sigmundová et al., 2013 [36] | n = 14,219d 51% girls 11–15 years Czech Republic | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | PA (MVPA) SB (ST) | In comparison with 2002, increased sedentary time and a decline or stagnation of the proportion of children meeting the recommendations for PA were found among Czech school-aged children in 2010. |
Sigmundová et al., 2011 [33] | n = 520 60% girls 14–18 years Czech Republic | Device-measured (Digi-walker Yamax SW-701 or Omron HJ-105 pedometer, hip-worn, 7 consecutive days, >10 valid hours per day) | PA (total, steps per day) SB (total sedentary time) | A secular decrease in PA was found amongst adolescents between 1998–2000 and 2008–2010. The significant interaction effects (cohort × age; and cohort × gender) that this study found suggested that secular trends in PA differ by age and gender. |
Šimůnek et al., 2017 [66] | n = 701 60% girls Mean age: 17.0 years Czech Republic | Self-reported (IPAQ-LF) | PA (total, AT, LPA, MVPA) SB (sitting time) | The differences in the overall weekly PA between boys and girls attending secondary school and university were significant, with the boys being more active than the girls in both cases. |
Šnoblová et al., 2015 [94] | n = 169 50% girls 9–10 years Czech Republic | Device-measured (ActiTrainer accelerometer, hip-worn, 2 days, >12 valid hours per day, 15-s epoch) | PA (total, steps per day, MVPA) | The boys were more physically active than the girls during their time at school, in terms of both their step count (800 steps per day more than girls) and the duration of MVPA. |
Valach et al., 2017 [56] | n = 653 59% girls Mean age: 17.3 years Plzeň region | Self-reported (IPAQ-LF, questionnaire – Sport Preferences Survey) | PA (total, MPA, VPA) | A preference for fitness activities was associated with a higher level of PA in the spare time of boys, and with the VPA of the boys and girls, compared to those who did not prefer these activities. In addition, in the case of the boys, significant correlations were found between a preference for team sports and PA at school. Individual sports (swimming, cycling, and downhill skiing) are the main PA preferred by girls. These activities were followed by team sports and rhythmic and dance activities. In the case of the boys, team sports (football, floorball, and basketball), individual sports, and fitness activities appear in the top positions. |
Valová et al., 2013 [38] | n = 55 100% girls Sixth-grade class Opava region | Device-measured (ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer, hip-worn, 7 consecutive days) | PA (total, coordination skills) | There was no difference in PA between the girls from cities and those from villages. |
Vašíčková et al., 2013 [90] | n = 786 66% girls 15–16 years Czech Republicb | Device-measured (Digi-walker Yamax SW-700 pedometer) Self-reported (IPAQ-LF) | PA (steps per day) | On average, young people recorded lower numbers of steps at weekends compared to schooldays, with Sunday being the most critical day of the week. No significant differences were found between the boys and girls in terms of the average number of steps per day. |
Vašíčková et al., 2008a [39] | n = 9 100% girls Mean age: 15.6 years Olomouc region | Device-measured (Omron HJ-105 pedometer, hip-worn, 10 months, >10 valid hours per day) | PA (steps per day) | Variability in year-round PA was found across days and the autumn, winter, and spring months. Saturdays and Sundays were the days with the lowest numbers of steps. The highest number of steps was achieved on days with PE lessons. The months with the lowest and highest average numbers of steps per day were February and June, respectively. |
Vindiš et al., 2019a [40] | n = 27 100% girls 11–15 years Czech Republic | Device-measured (ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer, hip-worn, 7 consecutive days, 60-s epoch, >13 valid hours per day, at least 3 weekdays and 1 weekend day, CoP by Evenson) | PA (total, LPA, MPA, VPA) SB (total sedentary time) | The volume of SB and PA was different on the days with training, on the days without training, and during the seasons. On the days with PE lessons, the girls had 27.6% more MPA, 37.7% more VPA, and 8% fewer SB than on the days without PE lessons. |
Vorlíček et al., 2020 [88] | n = 1586 48% girls 11–15 years Czech Republic | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire and IPEN Adolescent questionnaire) | PA (AT – commuting to/from school) | Most of the Czech adolescents misperceived the active commuting norms of their peers. 68% of the Czech adolescents in this study were daily active commuters (walking, cycling, or riding a scooter or skateboard). |
Vorlíček et al., 2019 [67] | n = 1586 48% girls 11–15 years Czech Republic | Self-reported (Czech version of the questionnaire from the SONIAA study, Youth Activity Profile) | PA (MVPA on Saturday) | The level of the real PA of an individual and the perceived level of Saturday’s PA in peers differed significantly among Czech adolescents. The pupils believed that 41.9% of their classmates had had at least one hour of PA on Saturday. This estimation differs by 18% points from the reported situation. |
Vorlíček et al., 2017 [74] | n = 1745 49% girls 11–19 years Czech Republic | Device-measured (Digi-walker Yamax SW-700 pedometer, 7 consecutive days) Self-reported (IPEN Adolescent questionnaire) | PA (AT – commuting to/from school, steps per day) | A greater proportion of pupils who met the health recommendations for PA occurs in the group using active modes of commuting to school, such as walking or riding a bike or skateboard. The majority (85%) of the pupils who commuted actively to school lived within a 20-minute walking distance. |
Weinberg et al., 2019 [96] | n = 4847d 11–15 years Czech Republicb | Self-reported (HBSC questionnaire) | PA (MVPA, VPA) | Daily involvement in MVPA decreased with age (from 4.62 days with MVPA per week in the 11-year-old adolescents to 3.99 days with MVPA per week in the 15-year-old adolescents) while weekly VPA increased (from 1.99 h per week in the 11-year-olds to 2.52 h per week in the 15-year-old adolescents). |
Whiting et al., 2020 [97] | n = 1406d 52% girls 6–9 years Czech Republicb | Self-reported (questionnaire from the COSI) | PA (active play, OLTA, AT – commuting to/from school) SB (ST) | Approximately 98% of the Czech children play actively for at least 1 h per day; 37% were not members of sports/dance clubs or did not do sports or dance at all. Approximately 45% of the Czech children used AT (walking or cycling) to get to and from school, 64% of the children spent <2 h on ST per day, and 95% of the children slept for 9–11 h per night. |