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Table 2 Logit estimates for the probability of using dental visits by geographic areas (Odds Ratios)a

From: Food insecurity, home ownership and income-related equity in dental care use and access: the case of Canada

Variables

Ontario

Atlantic

Quebec

Odds Ratio

z

P > |z|

[95% Conf. Interval]

Odds Ratio

z

P > |z|

[95% Conf. Interval]

Odds Ratio

z

P > |z|

[95% Conf. Interval]

Health and lifestyles:

 Poor or very poor self-assessed health status (ref good or fair)

0.74

−2.6

0.009

0.598

0.928

0.90

−1

0.341

0.718

1.121

0.86

−1.2

0.221

0.667

1.098

 Affected by diabetes (ref. no diabetes)

0.83

−1.6

0.107

0.657

1.042

0.86

−1.3

0.191

0.684

1.079

0.75

−2.3

0.023

0.580

0.960

 Obese (ref. Not obese)

0.92

−1

0.325

0.784

1.084

0.81

−2.2

0.030

0.674

0.980

0.93

−0.7

0.477

0.751

1.143

 Current smoker (ref. Non-smoker or past smoker)

0.56

−5.7

0.000

0.461

0.684

0.64

−3.7

0.000

0.503

0.811

0.67

−3.9

0.000

0.544

0.818

 Regular drinker (ref. Non-drinker or, occasional drinker)

1.48

4.68

0.000

1.257

1.748

1.59

5.3

0.000

1.340

1.888

1.66

5.27

0.000

1.374

2.002

Immigration and Ethnicity:

 Immigrant (ref. Local)

0.78

−2.4

0.018

0.629

0.956

0.93

−0.3

0.756

0.586

1.475

0.89

−0.7

0.478

0.643

1.229

 Non-white (ref. White)

0.87

−1.1

0.291

0.678

1.124

0.77

−0.9

0.390

0.421

1.402

0.87

−0.7

0.459

0.594

1.266

 Aboriginal (ref. Non aboriginal)

0.86

−0.9

0.368

0.613

1.199

0.92

−0.5

0.597

0.682

1.246

0.86

−0.7

0.475

0.562

1.309

 Education level low education secondary (ref.)

0.49

−6

0.000

0.390

0.619

0.50

−5.5

0.000

0.388

0.637

0.54

−5.2

0.000

0.433

0.685

 Education level high

1.21

2.02

0.044

1.005

1.455

1.16

1.59

0.112

0.965

1.402

1.19

1.8

0.072

0.985

1.428

Material resources:

 Living in a house rented (ref. home owner)

0.57

−6.2

0.000

0.480

0.683

0.79

−2

0.044

0.629

0.994

0.73

−2.9

0.004

0.588

0.903

Food insecurity:

 No Food insecurity (ref.) Moderately food insecure

0.59

−3.3

0.001

0.435

0.810

0.60

−2.5

0.013

0.405

0.898

0.78

−1

0.297

0.491

1.243

 Highly Food insecure

0.73

−1.4

0.150

0.480

1.119

0.89

−0.3

0.733

0.454

1.742

0.40

−2.8

0.005

0.210

0.758

 Equivalized personal Income (log)

1.24

2.51

0.012

1.049

1.476

1.62

5.84

0.000

1.381

1.912

1.57

4.62

0.000

1.296

1.900

Geographical factors:

 Living in a rural area (ref. urban area)

0.77

−3.4

0.001

0.663

0.898

0.89

−1.4

0.159

0.760

1.046

0.71

−3.8

0.000

0.600

0.851

 Atlantic

               

 Quebec

               

 British_Col

               

 Prairies

               

 Territories

               

Statistics:

 

 N

16,546

    

6619

    

9650

    

 k

26

    

26

    

26

    

 chi2

624

    

451.223

    

524

    

 p

0

    

0

    

0

    

CN

0.001

0.81

0.416

−0.000

0.002

−0.001

0.00

−3.070

0.002

−0.01

0.012

7.2

0.000

0.006

0.011

CM

0.113

22.7

0.000

0.104

0.123

0.141

0.01

17.860

0.000

0.125

0.141

17.9

0.000

0.125

0.156

HI

0.113

22.8

0.000

0.103

0.123

0.144

0.01

18.440

0.000

0.129

0.129

16.8

0.000

0.113

0.148

Variables

Prairies

Territories

B. Columbia

Odds Ratio

z

P > |z|

[95% Conf. Interval]

Odds Ratio

z

P > |z|

[95% Conf. Interval]

Odds Ratio

z

P > |z|

[95% Conf. Interval]

Health and lifestyles:

 Poor or very poor self -assessed health status (ref good or fair)

0.62

−4

0.000

0.487

0.780

0.55

−2.5

0.014

0.344

0.887

1.04

0.22

0.823

0.743

1.452

 Affected by diabetes (ref. no diabetes)

1.14

0.91

0.365

0.861

1.502

0.99

−0

0.989

0.482

2.051

0.92

−0.4

0.682

0.631

1.352

 Obese (ref. Not obese)

0.94

−0.6

0.527

0.780

1.136

1.03

0.22

0.826

0.767

1.394

0.69

−2.7

0.008

0.532

0.907

 Current smoker (ref. Non-smoker or past smoker)

0.61

−4.6

0.000

0.492

0.753

0.87

−0.7

0.492

0.593

1.286

0.61

−3.2

0.002

0.448

0.828

 Regular drinker (ref. Non-drinker or, occasional drinker)

1.25

2.49

0.013

1.049

1.495

1.27

1.35

0.179

0.895

1.813

1.26

2.1

0.036

1.015

1.554

Immigration and Ethnicity:

 Immigrant (ref. Local)

0.95

−0.4

0.665

0.741

1.211

1.24

0.64

0.522

0.637

2.427

0.84

−1.5

0.136

0.662

1.058

 Non-white (ref. White)

0.74

−1.8

0.070

0.541

1.025

0.56

−1.6

0.102

0.274

1.124

0.95

−0.3

0.744

0.722

1.262

 Aboriginal (ref. Non aboriginal)

0.64

−2.5

0.014

0.450

0.915

0.94

−0.3

0.770

0.613

1.438

1.32

1.04

0.296

0.786

2.202

 Education level low education secondary (ref.)

0.71

−2.6

0.010

0.547

0.922

1.48

1.27

0.203

0.810

2.689

0.47

−4.8

0.000

0.345

0.639

 Education level high

1.18

1.79

0.074

0.984

1.414

1.49

1.92

0.054

0.992

2.248

1.26

1.88

0.060

0.990

1.593

Material resources:

 Living in a house rented (ref. home owner)

0.77

−2.6

0.010

0.626

0.938

0.69

−1.9

0.057

0.469

1.012

0.65

−3.3

0.001

0.506

0.845

Food insecurity:

 No Food insecurity (ref.) Moderately food insecure

0.74

−1.4

0.168

0.479

1.137

0.68

−1.3

0.208

0.374

1.239

n.a

    

 Highly Food insecure

0.78

−0.6

0.566

0.329

1.839

1.22

0.41

0.680

0.477

3.106

n.a

    

 Equivalized personal Income (log)

1.34

4.07

0.000

1.162

1.535

1.38

2.83

0.005

1.103

1.714

1.38

3.71

0.000

1.163

1.631

Geographical factors:

 Living in a rural area (ref. urban area)

0.93

−0.7

0.499

0.757

1.145

1.09

0.38

0.703

0.712

1.655

0.70

−2.7

0.007

0.546

0.908

Statistics:

 N

10,758

    

1298

    

6269

    

 k

26

    

26

    

26

    

 chi2

267

    

67.056

    

229.3

    

 p

0

    

0

    

0

    

CN

0.012

6.48

0.000

0.005

0.009

0.000

−0.1

0.960

−0

0.003

0.002

2.21

0.027

0.002

0.004

CM

0.105

12.9

0.000

0.089

0.121

0.123

6.14

0.000

0.084

0.163

0.095

11.4

0.000

0.079

0.112

HI

0.098

12

0.000

0.076

0.108

0.123

5.39

0.000

0.071

0.152

0.093

11.1

0.000

0.077

0.11

Variables

Canada

 

Odds Ratio

z

P > |z|

[95% Conf. Interval]

Health and lifestyles:

 Poor or very poor self assessed health status (ref good or fair)

0.79

−3.8

0.000

0.703

0.892

 Affected by diabetes (ref. no diabetes)

0.87

−2.2

0.026

0.765

0.983

 Obese (ref. Not obese)

0.89

−2.6

0.010

0.810

0.972

 Current smoker (ref. Non smoker or past smoker)

0.62

−9

0.000

0.560

0.689

 Regular drinker (ref. Non driker or, occasional drinker)

1.43

7.88

0.000

1.311

1.568

Immigration and Ethnicity:

 Immigrant (ref. Local)

0.88

−2

0.042

0.773

0.995

 Nonwhite (ref. White)

0.84

−2.2

0.031

0.720

0.984

 Aboriginal (ref. Non aboriginal)

0.84

−1.9

0.053

0.706

1.003

 Education level low education secondary (ref.)

0.54

−9.7

0.000

0.482

0.615

 Education level high

1.23

4.37

0.000

1.121

1.351

Material resources:

 Living in a house rented (ref. Home owner)

0.66

−8

0.000

0.599

0.732

Food insecurity:

 No Food insecurity (ref.) Moderately food insecure

0.66

−3.9

0.000

0.540

0.816

 Highly Food insecure

0.64

−3.1

0.002

0.475

0.850

 Equivalized personal Income (log)

1.35

5.7

0.000

1.219

1.501

Geographical factors:

 Living in a rural area (ref. urban area)

0.80

−5.1

0.000

0.729

0.868

Region:

 Ontario (ref.)

     

 Atlantic

0.59

−9.6

0.000

0.53

0.657

 Quebec

0.62

−8.6

0.000

0.56

0.695

 British_Col

0.81

−3.4

0.001

0.715

0.915

 Prairies

0.54

−12

0.000

0.486

0.599

 Territories

0.83

−1.6

0.121

0.65

1.051

Statistics:

 N

51,079

    

 k

31

    

 chi2

1903.7

    

 p

0

    

CN

0.004

10.7

0.000

0.004

0.005

CM

0.116

36.1

0.000

0.109

0.122

HI

0.111

35

0.000

0.105

0.117

  1. Bootstrap Normal-based standard errors. Data source: CCHS 2013–2014
  2. aEstimates obtained after controlling for age, sex, marital status, urbanization level, occupational status