Table 4 Factors associated with IPV directed to pregnant women in Ethiopia
Variables | Model I (null) AOR 95%CI | Model II AOR 95%CI | Model III AOR 95%CI | Model IV AOR 95%CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal education | ||||
 No formal education | – | 1.95 (1.16, 3.27) | – | 2.07 (1.23, 3.48)** |
 Primary education | – | 1.99 (1.20, 3.28) | – | 2.04 (1.24, 3.38)** |
 Secondary education | – | 1.53 (0.90, 2.61) | – | 1.53 (1.29.2.62)** |
  Higher education | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
Maternal occupation | ||||
 Working | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
 Not working | – | 0.87 (0.73, 1.03) | – | 1.87 (0.74, 1.03) |
Husband education | ||||
 No formal education |  | 1.26 (0.87, 1.83) | – | 1.27 (0.88, 1.84) |
 Primary education |  | 1.49 (1.04, 2.15) | – | 1.47 (1.02, 2.12)* |
 Secondary education |  | 1.42 (0.98, 2.06) | – | 1.36 (0.93, 1.97) |
 Higher education |  | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
Husband occupation | ||||
 Not working |  | 1.08 (0.86, 1.36) | – | 1.10 (0.87, 1.39) |
 Working |  | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
Husband alcohol drinking | ||||
 No |  | 2.89 (2.41, 3.45) | – | 2.94 (2.36, 3.42)** |
 Yes |  | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
Wealth status | ||||
 Poorest | – | 1.28 (0.95, 1.72) | – | 1.72 (1.16, 2.56) |
 Poorer |  | 1.27 (0.93, 1.73) |  | 1.62 (1.09, 2.41) |
 Middle | – | 1.38 (1.02, 1.87) | – | 1.74 (1.17, 2.56) |
 Richer |  | 1.24 (0.92, 1.67) |  | 1.58 (1.08, 2.33) |
 Richest |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
Media exposure | ||||
 No | – | 1.12 (0.91,1.37) | – | 1.21 (0.98, 1.49) |
 Yes | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
Maternal age | ||||
 15–24 |  | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |
 25–34 | – | 1.15 (0.92, 1.43) | – | 1.12 (0.90,1.39) |
 35–39 | – | 1.33 (1.05, 1.69) | – | 1.28 (1.01, 1.63)* |
 40–49 | – | 1.83 (1.33, 2.53) | – | 1.78 (1.28, 2.45)** |
Sex of household head |  |  | – |  |
 Male |  | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
 Female |  | 0.93 (0.76, 1.14) | – | 0.93 (0.75, 1.14) |
Residence | ||||
 Urban | – | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Rural | – | – | 1.43 (0.96, 2.12) | 1.12 (0.71, 1.74) |
Region | ||||
 City dwellers |  |  | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Pastoral |  |  | 0.58 (0.41, 0.80) | 1.47 (1.04, 1.93)* |
 Agrarian |  |  | 0.96 (0.71, 1.29) | 1.32 (1.02,1.88)* |
Community illiteracy level | ||||
 Low | – | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 High | – | – | 0.96 (0.76,1.20) | 1.12 (0.90,1.18) |
Community media exposure | ||||
 Low | – | – | 1.23 (0.98, 1.53) | 1.24 (0.98, 1.58) |
 High | – | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Community poverty level | ||||
 Low | – | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 High | – | – | 0.95 (0.65, 1.39) | 0.99 (0.94,1.04) |
Random effects | ||||
 Community variance (SE) | 0.73 (0.10)* | 0.54 (0.09)* | 0.52 (0.08)* | 0.40 (0.07)* |
 ICC (%) | 18.70 | 14.01 | 13.80 | 10.00 |
 PCV (%) | Reference | 26.03 | 28.76 | 45.20 |
Model fitness | ||||
 Deviance(−2LLR) | 4922.08 | 4707.92 | 4892.36 | 4503.22 |