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Table 3 Factors associated with new HIV diagnosis among 613 male and 887 female symptomatic outpatients with HIV-negative or unknown status

From: Predictors of testing history and new HIV diagnosis among adult outpatients seeking care for symptoms of acute HIV infection in coastal Kenya: a cross-sectional analysis of intervention participants in a stepped-wedge HIV testing trial

Logistic regression for new HIV diagnosis outcome

Participant characteristics

Males

Females

 

OR (95% CI)

Wald p value

OR (95% CI)

Wald p value

Age

 30–39 years

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 25–29 years

0.16 (0.03, 0.73)

0.018

1.50 (0.50, 4.45)

0.469

 18–24 years

0.26 (0.08, 0.83)

0.023

0.44 (0.12, 1.52)

0.192

Marital statusa

 Married

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 Single

0.30 (0.09, 0.96)

0.043

1.11 (0.42, 2.94)

0.840

 Separated, Divorced, Widowed

3.88 (0.99, 15.32)

0.053

2.39 (0.64, 8.90)

0.196

Level of educationa

 Higher education

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 Secondary

0.88 (0.18, 4.42)

0.878

1.24 (0.22, 6.82)

0.807

 Primary and below

3.93 (1.08, 14.31)

0.038

3.38 (0.76, 15.03)

0.110

Religiona

 Christian

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 Muslim

1.29 (0.40, 4.13)

0.665

0.67 (0.20, 2.33)

0.533

 None

6.89 (1.38, 34.56)

0.019

-

-

Source of incomea

 Employed

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 Unemployed

0.82 (0.18, 3.87)

0.807

0.97 (0.38, 2.49)

0.955

 Casual labourers

2.32 (0.81, 6.65)

0.119

0.84 (0.18, 3.90)

0.826

Having childrena

 Yes

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 No

0.04 (0.01, 0.33)

0.002

0.48 (0.16, 1.44)

0.189

Time since last sexual activitya

  ≤ 6 weeks ago

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 More than 6 weeks ago

0.90 0.31, 2.59)

0.846

0.83 (0.28, 2.52)

0.746

Never had sex

-

-

-

-

Experience of IPVa,b

 Never

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 Any IPV in the past 1 month

1.46 (0.18, 11.60)

0.718

-

-

 Any IPV > 1 month ago

0.89 (0.20, 3.99)

0.879

1.69 (0.64, 4.47)

0.289

Temperature

  < 37.5

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

  ≥ 37.5

1.36 (0.43, 4.25)

0.597

2.12 (0.75, 5.93)

0.154

Reported fever

1.00 (0.38, 2.64)

0.994

2.96 (1.13, 7.78)

0.028

Reported fatigue

1.39 (0.39, 4.92)

0.607

0.50 (0.20, 1.28)

0.150

Reported body aches

0.55 (0.21, 1.44)

0.222

0.46 (0.19, 1.12)

0.088

Reported diarrhoea

1.53 (0.49, 4.78)

0.468

0.96 (0.28, 3.31)

0.944

Reported sore throat

1.54 (0.58, 4.12)

0.386

1.67 (0.68, 4.14)

0.266

Reported genital ulcers

1.85 (0.41, 8.39)

0.423

1.29 (0.29, 5.65)

0.740

Days since symptoms began

  ≤ 14 days

0.12 (0.04, 0.36)

 < 0.001

0.39 (0.09, 1.74)

0.218

Time since last HIV test

  ≤ 1 year ago

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 More than 1 year ago

1.04 (0.30, 3.64)

0.950

1.81 (0.72, 4.55)

0.206

 Never tested

3.72 (1.15, 12.00)

0.028

1.19 (0.15, 9.68)

0.873

Sexual risk behaviour characteristics among 414 male and 679 female participants sexually active in the past 6 weeks

Risk group

 Sexually active general population

[ref]

0.054

[ref])

 

 Sexually active key populationc

4.83 (0.98, 23.86)

 

-

-

Self-reported number of sexual partners in the past 6 weeks

 1 partner

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

  > 1 partner

2.55 (0.79, 8.23)

0.118

-

-

Nature of relationship with the most recent sexual partner in the past 6 weeks

 Spouse

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 Regular partnerd

0.39 (0.05, 3.25)

0.381

1.93 (0.65, 5.75)

0.238

 Casual partner

1.72 (0.42, 7.07)

0.453

0.66 (0.08, 5.25)

0.696

 One-time encounter

2.03 (0.39, 10.45)

0.398

-

-

Condom use with the last sexual partnere

 No

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 Yes

3.01 (0.93, 9.75)

0.065

2.28 (0.63, 8.21)

0.209

Age of last sexual partner in the past 6 weeks

 About the same age

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 More than 5 years older

2.21 (0.25, 19.85)

0.479

1.10 (0.41, 3.00)

0.847

 More than 5 years younger

1.65 (0.49, 5.49)

0.417

-

-

HIV status of last sexual partner in the past 6 weeks

 Partner status negative or unknown

[ref]

 

[ref]

0.202

 Partner status positive

-

-

3.95 (0.48, 32.60)

 

Concurrency amongst the last three reported sexual partners

 No

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 Yes

1.94 (0.51, 7.37)

0.332

-

-

  1. Abbreviations: IPV intimate partner violence, OR odds ratio, ref reference category
  2. aData missing for 1 male participant due to corrupted Computer-Assisted Self-Interview software files
  3. bIncludes any experience of physical, emotional and sexual IPV
  4. cKey populations included, for males: sex workers (n = 13), men who have sex with men (n = 4) and people who inject drugs (n = 1), and for females: sex workers (n = 24)
  5. dRegular partner: long-term partner other than spouse
  6. eThose who could not recall using a condom at their last sexual encounter (n = 6, 3 males and 3 females) were included in the no condom use category
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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