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Table 2 Factors associated with HIV testing history among 613 male and 887 female symptomatic outpatients

From: Predictors of testing history and new HIV diagnosis among adult outpatients seeking care for symptoms of acute HIV infection in coastal Kenya: a cross-sectional analysis of intervention participants in a stepped-wedge HIV testing trial

Multinomial logistic regression of HIV testing history outcome, with on-time testing (i.e., testing ≤ 1 year) as the reference category

 

Males

Females

 

Tested > 1 year ago

Never tested

Tested > 1 year ago

Never tested

Participant characteristics

RRR (95% CI)

Wald p value

RRR (95% CI)

Wald p value

RRR (95% CI)

Wald p value

RRR (95% CI)

Wald p value

Age

 30–39 years

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 25–29 years

0.81 (0.52, 1.25)

0.341

0.90 (0.47, 1.74)

0.766

0.89 (0.61, 1.30)

0.540

6.5 (0.81, 52.10)

0.078

 18–24 years

0.74 (0.48, 1.13)

0.163

1.91 (1.07, 3.40)

0.028

0.90 (0.64, 1.28)

0.566

18.49 (2.51, 136.33)

0.004

Marital statusa

 Married

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 Single

1.01 (0.71, 1.43)

0.977

1.93 (1.18, 3.17)

0.009

1.06 (0.79, 1.43)

0.689

8.31 (3.93, 17.55)

 < 0.001

 Separated, Divorced, Widowed

0.83 (0.32, 2.18)

0.703

1.53 (0.45, 5.23)

0.495

0.94 (0.55, 1.58)

0.809

-

-

Level of educationa

 Higher education

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 Secondary

1.84 (1.21,2.80)

0.004

2.02 (1.11, 3.65)

0.021

1.08 (0.73, 1.59)

0.700

0.95 (0.48, 1.87)

0.881

 Primary and below

1.57 (1.01, 2.44)

0.046

2.60 (1.44, 4.69)

0.001

1.13 (0.78, 1.62)

0.521

0.29 (0.13, 0.67)

0.003

Religiona

 Christian

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 Muslim

1.53 (0.99, 2.34)

0.054

1.33 (0.76, 2.34)

0.321

0.89 (0.63, 1.24)

0.483

0.39 (0.15, 1.01)

0.053

 None

0.37 (0.10, 1.39)

0.142

0.59 (0.13, 2.80)

0.508

2.56 (0.63, 10.32)

0.187

-

-

Source of incomea

 Employed

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 Unemployed

0.94 (0.58, 1.53)

0.799

1.53 (0.86, 2.75)

0.150

0.93 (0.69, 1.24)

0.616

1.87 (1.02, 3.45)

0.044

 Casual labourers

1.74 (1.10, 2.77)

0.019

1.58 (0.85, 2.92)

0.146

1.19 (0.77, 1.84)

0.437

0.47 (0.11, 2.08)

0.319

Having childrena

 Yes

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 No

0.92 (0.65, 1.30)

0.627

1.54 (0.95, 2.48)

0.079

1.19 (0.88, 1.60)

0.254

59.47 (14.25, 248.11)

 < 0.001

Time since last sexual activitya

  ≤ 6 weeks ago

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 More than 6 weeks ago

1.59 (1.08, 2.34)

0.018

2.20 (1.35, 3.57)

0.002

1.44 (1.03, 2.02)

0.031

5.18 (2.84, 9.47)

 < 0.001

 Never had sex

1.80 (0.30, 10.88)

0.524

3.34 (0.46, 24.27)

0.232

2.12 (0.35, 12.76)

0.413

-

-

Experience of IPVa, b

 Never

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 Any IPV in the past 1 month

1.74 (0.71, 4.28)

0.230

1.23 (0.36, 4.18)

0.743

0.77 (0.40, 1.46)

0.419

-

-

 Any IPV > 1 month ago

1.04 (0.63, 1.72)

0.880

0.68 (0.32, 1.43)

0.312

0.70 (0.50, 1.00)

0.049

0.20 (0.06, 0.67)

0.009

Temperature

  < 37.5

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

  ≥ 37.5

1.17 (0.74, 1.84)

0.503

1.53 (0.87, 2.69)

0.136

1.20 (0.81, 1.78)

0.359

1.10 (0.47, 2.55)

0.825

Reported fever

1.23 (0.87, 1.75)

0.240

1.19 (0.75, 1.88)

0.453

0.98 (0.74, 1.29)

0.884

1.61 (0.89, 2.89)

0.113

Reported fatigue

0.99 (0.66, 1.49)

0.971

1.27 (0.72, 2.24)

0.405

1.12 (0.80, 1.57)

0.497

0.66 (0.35, 1.25)

0.201

Reported body aches

0.93 (0.64, 1.34)

0.683

1.08 (0.66, 1.76)

0.765

1.31 (0.97, 1.77)

0.073

0.65 (0.36, 1.17)

0.153

Reported diarrhoea

0.78 (0.49, 1.23)

0.281

0.72 (0.38, 1.34)

0.297

0.88 (0.60, 1.28)

0.496

0.98 (0.44, 2.17)

0.959

Reported sore throat

1.04 (0.72, 1.51)

0.830

0.71 (0.42, 1.18)

0.188

0.95 (0.70, 1.29)

0.746

0.68 (0.33, 1.35)

0.262

Reported genital ulcers

0.78 (0.40, 1.53)

0.466

0.58 (0.21, 1.58)

0.288

0.79 (0.47, 1.31)

0.363

0.65 (0.20, 2.20)

0.493

Days since symptoms began

  ≤ 14 days

0.59 (0.29, 1.18)

0.136

0.68 (0.27, 1.66)

0.394

0.72 (0.37, 1.39)

0.326

1.94 (0.25, 14.83)

0.524

Sexual risk behaviour characteristics among 414 male and 679 female participants sexually active in the past 6 weeks

Risk group

 Sexually active general population

[ref]

0.731

[ref]

0.290

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 Sexually active key populationc

1.21 (0.41, 3.51)

 

1.98 (0.56, 7.01)

 

0.75 (0.31, 1.78)

0.509

1.12 (0.14, 8.86)

0.916

Self-reported number of sexual partners in the past 6 weeks

 1 partner

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

  > 1 partner

1.09 (0.67, 1.77)

0.727

0.37 (0.15, 0.92)

0.032

0.40 (0.20, 0.77)

0.006

0.82 (0.19, 3.62)

0.792

Nature of relationship with the most recent sexual partner in the past 6 weeks

 Spouse

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 Regular partnerd

0.69 (0.41, 1.17)

0.167

0.90 (0.42, 1.92)

0.781

0.85 (0.56, 1.29)

0.448

2.97 (1.13, 7.79)

0.027

 Casual partner

1.03 (0.56, 1.89)

0.922

1.47 (0.65, 3.33)

0.355

0.98 (0.58, 1.64)

0.933

2.74 (0.82, 9.16)

0.102

 One-time encounter

1.04 (0.47, 2.26)

0.930

2.00 (0.77, 5.20)

0.157

0.68 (0.17, 2.76)

0.590

4.45 (0.49, 40.53)

0.185

Condom use with the last sexual partner e

 No

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 Yes

0.68 (0.40, 1.16)

0.159

0.80 (0.38, 1.67)

0.548

0.76 (0.44, 1.33)

0.339

2.53 (0.89, 7.20)

0.082

Age of last sexual partner in the past 6 weeks

 About the same age

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 More than 5 years older

2.18 (0.81, 5.87)

0.122

1.63 (0.40, 6.68)

0.498

1.11 (0.81, 1.52)

0.506

0.68 (0.29, 1.58)

0.369

 More than 5 years younger

1.31 (0.85, 2.03)

0.218

1.30 (0.71, 2.39)

0.395

1.88 (0.50, 7.16)

0.352

-

-

HIV status of last sexual partner in the past 6 weeks

 Partner status negative or unknown

[ref]

0.605

[ref]

0.403

[ref]

0.547

[ref]

-

 Partner status positive

0.74 (0.24, 2.31)

 

0.41 (0.05, 3.33)

 

1.42 (0.45, 4.45)

 

-

 

Concurrency amongst the last three reported sexual partners

 No

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

[ref]

 

 Yes

1.46 (0.83, 2.57)

0.186

0.46 (0.15, 1.37)

0.162

0.45 (0.21, 0.98)

0.044

0.60 (0.08, 4.63)

0.625

  1. Abbreviations: IPV intimate partner violence, ref reference category, RRR relative-risk ratio
  2. aData missing for 1 participant due to corrupted Computer-Assisted Self-Interview software files
  3. bIncludes any experience of physical, emotional and sexual IPV
  4. cKey populations included sex workers (n = 13), men who have sex with men (n = 4) and people who inject drugs (n = 1)
  5. dRegular partner: long-term partner other than spouse
  6. eThose who could not recall using a condom at their last sexual encounter (n = 6, 3 males, 3 females) were included in the no condom use category
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